Abstract
This study employs a multilevel modeling approach to describe the deformation of specimens made from austenitic Wire Arc Additive Manufactured (WAAM) steel 308LSi. Two WAAM processing modes were investigated: (1) the Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) method and (2) Cold Metal Transfer combined with interlayer deformation strengthening (hammer peening/forging). Test specimens were cut from the deposited walls at 0° and 90° relative to the deposition direction. The grain and dendritic structures of the specimens were analyzed using optical stereomicroscopy. A statistical multilevel model has been developed, accounting for the features of the grain-dendritic and defect structures under various technological deposition modes. Parameter identification and model verification were conducted based on experimental data from uniaxial tensile tests of 308LSi steel specimens. The maximum deviation of the numerical results from the experimental data during the identification stage under uniaxial tensile loading did not exceed 3%, and during the verification stage it did not exceed 10%; the overall mean deviation did not exceed 1% for the identification stage and 2% for the verification stage. The model effectively captured the anisotropic mechanical behavior of WAAM-processed samples. The maximum calculated yield strength 360 MPa was obtained for specimens cut at an angle of 45°, while the minimum value 331 MPa was observed for vertically oriented specimens. Specimens subjected to interlayer forging (hammer peening) exhibited isotropic material properties. Explicit multilevel modeling, incorporating the presence of MnO oxide inclusions located within the austenite matrix, was performed. The results showed good correlation with experimental data and confirmed the localization of fatigue cracks at the phase boundary-matrix-oxide interface.