Effect of Normalising Process on the Corrosion Behaviour of U75V Rail Flash Butt Welded Joints in a Marine Environment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Method
2.1. Preparation of U75V Welded Joints
2.2. Electrochemical Tests
2.3. Metallographic Tests
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The Microstructure Analysis
3.2. The Hardness Analysis
3.3. Polarisation Curve
3.4. EIS Analysis
3.5. Morphology Analysis
3.6. Component Analysis
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- After the normalising process, the URWJs had smaller and more homogeneous grains, and the average grain diameter changed from 90 μm to 16 μm;
- (2)
- Although the maximum hardness value of the URWJB is larger than that of the URWJA, the URWJB has a more uniform hardness value distribution;
- (3)
- Compared with BM, URWJs exhibited higher self-corrosion currents, more negative self-corrosion potentials, and lower impedance values, indicating better corrosion resistance;
- (4)
- According to the polarisation curve, the URWJA exhibited a smaller self-corrosion current and easier passivation, indicating a lower corrosion rate and better corrosion resistance;
- (5)
- According to the EIS results, the diameter of the capacitive loops, the maximum phase angle, and the |Z| values increased, indicating better corrosion resistance after normalisation in the marine environment;
- (6)
- The finer grains of the normalised joints showed fewer corrosion products, denser passivation films, and less Cl− erosive effects on the cracks and grain boundaries, thus reducing the corrosion rate of the joints.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
FBW | Flash butt welding |
URWJs U75V | Welded joints |
URWJB U75V | Welded joints before the normalisation process |
URWJA U75V | Welded joints after the normalisation process |
BM | Base metal |
HAZ | Heat-affected zone |
WM | Weld metal |
EIS | Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy |
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C | Si | Mn | S | P | V | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.71~0.8 | 0.50~0.80 | 0.75~1.05 | <0.025 | <0.02 | 0.04~0.12 | Balance |
Yield Strength Rp0.2 (MPa) | Tensile Strength Rm (MPa) | Elongation A (%) | Hardness of Rail Head (HB) |
---|---|---|---|
>510 | >980 | >10 | 280–320 |
Salt | Concentration |
---|---|
NaCl | 105.00 |
MgCl2 | 12.7 |
MgSO4·7H2O | 7.7 |
CaSO4·2H2O | 12.15 |
CaCO3 | 0.5 |
Samples | Self-Corrosion Potential (mV) | Self-Corrosion Current (A/cm2) | Corrosion Rate (mm/A) |
---|---|---|---|
BM | −0.803 | 1.12 × 10−4 | 1.309 |
URWJB | −0.828 | 4.84 × 10−4 | 5.647 |
URWJA | −0.850 | 1.83 × 10−4 | 2.162 |
Sample | R1 (Ω) | Y0-Q1 (Ω−1 cm−2 Sn) | n-Q1 | R2 (Ω cm2) | Y0-Q2 (Ω−1 cm−2 Sn) | n-Q2 | R3 (Ω cm2) | X2 Chi-Squared | R1 + R2 + R3 (Ω cm2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BM | 3.421 | 4.2662 × 10−6 | 0.8408 | 4682 | 3.042 × 10−5 | 0.4114 | 16,118 | 5.753 × 10−4 | 20,308 |
URWJB | 5.373 | 2.873 × 10−4 | 0.7644 | 34.51 | 1.717 × 10−4 | 0.7219 | 1712 | 2.563 × 10−4 | 1751 |
URWJA | 4.79 | 6.73 × 10−4 | 0.7339 | 202.1 | 2.435 × 10−4 | 0.8589 | 1774 | 8.984 × 10−4 | 1980 |
Location No. | Sample | O | Cl | S | Fe | Mn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | The product-free microzone of URWJB | 5.06 | 0.19 | 0.04 | 86.37 | 1.10 |
2 | Corrosion product of URWJB | 34.85 | 0.62 | 0.24 | 54.76 | 0.21 |
3 | The product-free microzone of URWJA | 5.54 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 86.48 | 1.00 |
4 | Corrosion product of URWJA | 35.92 | 0.27 | 0.17 | 48.75 | 0.32 |
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Zhang, X.; Liao, T.; Lv, Q.; Gou, G. Effect of Normalising Process on the Corrosion Behaviour of U75V Rail Flash Butt Welded Joints in a Marine Environment. Metals 2022, 12, 2146. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12122146
Zhang X, Liao T, Lv Q, Gou G. Effect of Normalising Process on the Corrosion Behaviour of U75V Rail Flash Butt Welded Joints in a Marine Environment. Metals. 2022; 12(12):2146. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12122146
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Xi, Tingting Liao, Qibing Lv, and Guoqing Gou. 2022. "Effect of Normalising Process on the Corrosion Behaviour of U75V Rail Flash Butt Welded Joints in a Marine Environment" Metals 12, no. 12: 2146. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12122146