Research Progress on Injection Technology in Converter Steelmaking Process
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Top Blowing Element Types and Applications
2.1. Conventional Supersonic Oxygen Lance
2.2. Coherent Jet Oxygen Lance
2.3. Nozzle-Twisted Oxygen Lance
2.4. Secondary Combustion Oxygen Lance
2.5. Double-Parameter Oxygen Lance
3. Combined Blowing Process and Bottom Blowing Element Types
3.1. Combined Blowing Process
3.2. Bottom Blowing Element Types
3.2.1. Nozzle Type Element
3.2.2. Brick Type Element
4. Injection Medium Types and Applications
4.1. Oxygen Injection
4.2. Inert Gas Injection
4.3. Carbon Dioxide Injection
4.4. Powder Injection
5. Development Direction of Injecting Technology
5.1. High Efficiency
5.2. Reduce Environmental Burden
5.3. Long Life
6. Conclusions and Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Production Method | Casting Method | Forging Method | Assembling Method |
---|---|---|---|
Advantages | The oxygen lance has long life, good performance and high production efficiency | Simple processing method and good thermal conductivity | Reasonable nozzle structure, good water-cooling effect, long life |
Disadvantages | Easy to produce casting defects such as porosity and cracks | Short life of oxygen lance nozzles | High precision is required and the manufacturing process is complex |
Research Methodology | Research Aspects | Specific Contents |
---|---|---|
Numerical simulation | Jet dynamics parameters | Study the attenuation law of kinetic parameters, such as jet velocity, dynamic pressure, and Mach number. |
Jet impact characteristics | Study the impact effect of jets on the molten bath through parameters such as impact depth and impact radius. | |
Molten bath stirring effect | Analysis of the molten bath velocity distribution pattern. | |
Furnace lining erosion pattern | Study of furnace lining erosion patterns by shear stress distribution and turbulent kinetic energy. | |
Water Simulation | Oxygen lance operating parameters | Study the effects of oxygen lance flow rate, lance height, and inlet pressure on jet behavior. |
Impact dent size | Study on the morphology of impact dents and molten bath splashes. | |
Mixing effect | Study on the mixing effect of the molten bath by mixing time. |
Testers | Test Contents | Test Results |
---|---|---|
Chen et al. [33] | Optimized oxygen lance; increased nozzle hole angle and oxygen flow rate | The average smelting time and the end-point [%C]· [%O] decreased by 1.5 min and 0.0003, respectively; the dephosphorization rate increased by 4.1% and T.Fe content decreased by 1.7%. |
Zhang et al. [34] | Increased nozzle hole angle and Mach number | Reduced the splashing rate, end-point [%C]· [%O], and T.Fe content by 5%, 0.0005 and 3.2%, respectively. |
Lv et al. [35] | The effect of oxygen lance nozzle outlet wear angle on metallurgical effects was studied | The phosphorus content, end-point [%C]· [%O], and T.Fe content increased from 0.029%, 0.0023, and 12.92% to 0.032%, 0.0028, and 14.58%, respectively. |
Liu et al. [36] | Studied the stirring ability and flow field characteristics of a conventional and nozzle-twisted oxygen lance | It showed that the 8° oxygen lance could stir molten better during the steelmaking process for the 120 t dephosphorization converter. These findings agree well with the experimental results of water experiments and numerical simulations. |
Classification | Top Blowing Oxygen, Bottom Blowing Inert Gas Process | Combined Oxygen Blowing Process | Top-Bottom Oxygen Blowing, Fuel Injection Process |
---|---|---|---|
Features | The bottom blowing gas is N2, Ar and CO2, and other weak oxidizing gases, and bottom-blowing intensity is roughly 0.3 m3/(t·min) or less. The purpose of which is to strengthen molten bath stirring. | This process refers to the simultaneous blowing of oxygen at the top and bottom, which is an intensive refining type of combined blowing process. | This technology refers to top blowing oxygen and bottom blowing or side-blowing oxygen, while bottom blowing into the fuel, which is used to increase scrap types in the combined blowing process. |
Representative processes | LBE, LD-KG, LD-OTB, NK-CB, LD-AB | BSC-BAP, LD-OB, LD-HC, STB, STB-P, K-BOP | OBM-S, KMS, KS |
Name | Dispersion-Type Breathable Brick | Single Tube Type | Sleeve Type | Circular Seam Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
Structural Features | Multiple metal capillary tubes buried in refractories | A large diameter metal tube buried in refractories | Hollow straight circular tube and outer ring seam tube buried in refractories | Center tube filled with refractories, outer ring seam tube buried in refractories |
Blockage condition | Easily blocked | Extremely easy to block | The central tube is easily clogged | Not easy to block |
Element life/heat | 2000–2500 | 100–200 | 2000 | More than 10,000 |
Flow rate adjustment range | 2–3 times | 2–3 times | 10 times | More than 10 times |
Mushroom head cooling capacity | Weak | Weaker | Stronger | Strong |
Gas Type | N2 | Ar | CO2 | CO | O2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Advantages | N2 is the cheapest of the inert gases | It not only ensures the stirring effect of the molten bath, but also has no adverse effect on the quality of the molten steel | Reacts with C in the molten bath and produces CO gas equal to twice the volume of CO2, which facilitates the stirring of the molten bath | CO has good physical cooling properties and its metallurgical effect is comparable to that of Ar | When O2 is used as the bottom blowing gas source, its dosage should preferably not exceed 10% of the total oxygen supply |
Disadvantages | Bottom-blowing N2 throughout the blowing process increases the nitrogen content of molten steel | Limited Ar resources and expensive Ar production equipment | Damage to the carbon gas supply elements | CO is highly toxic and has an explosion risk | Some erosion of the gas supply elements |
Steel Mills | Converter Capacity/t | Oxygen Supply Intensity/Nm3·(t−1·min−1) |
---|---|---|
Weiyuan steel mill | 55 | 4.3 |
Taiyuan Second Steelmaking | 80 | 4.1 |
LY Steel | 90 | 4.2 |
Long Steel Company | 120 | 4.5 |
Baosteel Second Steelmaking | 250 | 3.33 |
Baosteel One Steelmaking | 300 | 3.78 |
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Lv, M.; Chen, S.; Yang, L.; Wei, G. Research Progress on Injection Technology in Converter Steelmaking Process. Metals 2022, 12, 1918. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12111918
Lv M, Chen S, Yang L, Wei G. Research Progress on Injection Technology in Converter Steelmaking Process. Metals. 2022; 12(11):1918. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12111918
Chicago/Turabian StyleLv, Ming, Shuangping Chen, Lingzhi Yang, and Guangsheng Wei. 2022. "Research Progress on Injection Technology in Converter Steelmaking Process" Metals 12, no. 11: 1918. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12111918
APA StyleLv, M., Chen, S., Yang, L., & Wei, G. (2022). Research Progress on Injection Technology in Converter Steelmaking Process. Metals, 12(11), 1918. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12111918