Microstructure Evolution in a Fast and Ultrafast Sintered Non-Equiatomic Al/Cu HEA
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Powder Production: Gas Atomisation
3.2. Spark Plasma Sintering
3.3. Conventional Pressing and Sintering
3.4. Electrical Resistance Sintering
4. Discussion: Evolution of the Microstructure with the Sintering Time
5. Conclusions
- An increase in the total sintering time favours the separation of phases, stabilises the formation of the ordered B2 phase rich in AlNiCo and the subsequent appearance of minor FCC.
- By reducing the total sintering time using an ultrafast sintering technique, grain coarsening and element segregation (Cu) are minimised.
- The alloy consolidated by ERS shows the highest hardness values. In addition, the oxygen content is similar to that of consolidation techniques which use a protective atmosphere.
- ERS was presented as a novel and promising technique to consolidate HEAs, avoiding segregation and maintaining the crystalline structure.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | Al | Fe | Cr | Co | Ni | Cu |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
wt.% | 15.9 | 18.3 | 17 | 19.3 | 19.2 | 10.4 |
P&S | Sintering Temperature (°C) | Holding Time (h) | Heating Rate (°C/min) | Total Sintering Time (h) |
P&S | 1320 | 4 | 5 | 13.3 |
P&S | Sintering Temperature (°C) | Holding Time (min) | Heating Rate (°C/min) | Total Sintering Time (min) |
SPS_1 | 1000 | 1 | 200 | 12 |
SPS_2 | 1000 | 5 | 200 | 22.4 |
SPS_3 | 1100 | 1 | 200 | 11.9 |
SPS_4 | 1100 | 5 | 200 | 22.5 |
ERS | Current Intensity (kA) | Holding Time (ms) | Heating Rate (°C/min) | Total Sintering Time (s) |
ERS_1 | 8 | 500 | - | 0.5 |
ERS_2 | 7.5 | 300 | - | 0.3 |
ERS_3 | 7.5 | 500 | - | 0.5 |
ERS_4 | 7.5 | 700 | - | 0.7 |
Method | Phase | Composition (at. %) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cr | Co | Fe | Ni | Al | Cu | Vol. % | ||
P%S | Fe-Cr-rich | 19.3 | 16 | 24.7 | 14.8 | 17.5 | 7.7 | 44 |
Al-Ni-rich | 10.6 | 18.1 | 20.2 | 19.1 | 23.1 | 8.6 | 50 | |
Cu-rich | 4.7 | 12 | 8.6 | 10.9 | 27.3 | 37.7 | <5 | |
SPS | Fe-Cr-rich | 25.7 | 16.1 | 12.9 | 21.5 | 20 | 3.7 | 41 |
Al-Ni-rich | 20.4 | 10.8 | 9.8 | 12.2 | 41.7 | 4.9 | 54 | |
Cu-rich | 19.4 | 10.1 | 8.9 | 11.7 | 24.2 | 25.5 | <5 | |
ERS | Homogenous | 23.8 | 12.2 | 11.4 | 15.2 | 29.7 | 7.6 | 95 |
Method | Powder | P&S | SPS_1 | SPS_2 | SPS_3 | SPS_4 | ERS_1 | ERS_2 | ERS_3 | ERS_4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O (%) | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.08 |
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Reverte, E.; Cornide, J.; Lagos, M.A.; Campos, M.; Alvaredo, P. Microstructure Evolution in a Fast and Ultrafast Sintered Non-Equiatomic Al/Cu HEA. Metals 2021, 11, 848. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11060848
Reverte E, Cornide J, Lagos MA, Campos M, Alvaredo P. Microstructure Evolution in a Fast and Ultrafast Sintered Non-Equiatomic Al/Cu HEA. Metals. 2021; 11(6):848. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11060848
Chicago/Turabian StyleReverte, Eduardo, Juan Cornide, Miguel A. Lagos, Mónica Campos, and Paula Alvaredo. 2021. "Microstructure Evolution in a Fast and Ultrafast Sintered Non-Equiatomic Al/Cu HEA" Metals 11, no. 6: 848. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11060848