Stretch Forming Behavior and Constitutive Equation of a Modified 5083 Alloy with High Mg Content at Elevated Temperatures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Mechanical Properties
3.1.1. Stress–Strain Curves of the 5083M Alloy in Tension Mode
3.1.2. Comparison with the Commercial 5083 Alloy
3.2. Metallurgical Evolution
3.2.1. Microstructure of the 5083M Alloy
3.2.2. Cavities
3.3. Constitutive Equation
3.3.1. n-Value
3.3.2. m-Value
3.3.3. K-Value
3.3.4. Validation of the Constitutive Equation
4. Conclusions
- The 5083M alloy showed a tendency of decreasing peak stress and increasing true strain with increasing temperature and decreasing strain rate. Compared with the commercial 5083 alloy, the 5083M alloy had higher strength and ductility at elevated temperatures. The strain rate sensitivity exponent of the 5083M alloy was also higher, so it is predicted to have better formability.
- In the 5083M alloy, dynamic recrystallization occurred under the deformation temperature condition of 300 °C or higher, and dynamic restoration occurred by dynamic recovery (DRV) at temperatures below that. At the lowest strain rate condition among the 300 °C conditions, it was observed that the fine equiaxed grains were uniformly distributed, and that the deformation texture remained regardless of the fully recrystallized microstructure.
- After the stretch forming at 400 °C and 0.001 s−1 condition, cavities with complex shapes were observed at grain boundaries and grain triple junctions. These cavities were formed by grain boundary sliding which operates as deformation mechanism under the high temperature and low strain rate conditions. As a result, the formation of the cavities resulted in a decrease in ductility under the 400 °C and 0.001 s−1 condition.
- From the results of stretch forming conducted under various process conditions, a constitutive equation for predicting the deformation behavior of the 5083M alloy was derived. The calculated curves were in good agreement with the measured curves in low temperature and high strain rate conditions. However, due to the limitation of the Field–Backofen equation, the strain hardening region was predicted well, but the softening region was not. Future work needs to be done for predicting the softening region using the modified Fields–Backofen equation containing softening parameters.
- The superior mechanical properties of the 5083M alloy over the commercial 5083 alloy may provide more effective weight reduction in the automotive industry. In addition, the better ductility will make it possible to apply the 5083M alloy to more complex shaped parts such as inner panels of moving modules (e.g., door, hood, trunk lid, etc.).
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Alloy | Si | Fe | Mg | Ti | Al |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
5083M alloy | 0.1 | 0.2 | 6.0 | 0.01 | Bal. |
Commercial 5083 alloy | 0.4–0.7 | 0.4 | 4.0–4.9 | 0.15 | Bal. |
Temperature (°C) | A |
---|---|
100 | 0.00146 |
200 | 0.03768 |
300 | 0.08190 |
400 | 0.00328 |
Strain Rate (s–1) | B | C |
---|---|---|
1 | 106.53624 | −0.06496 |
0.1 | 217.12627 | −0.30150 |
0.01 | 189.16917 | −0.22690 |
0.001 | 216.72551 | −0.31252 |
Temperature (°C) | m-Value |
---|---|
100 | 0.00239 |
200 | 0.05147 |
300 | 0.12580 |
400 | 0.21823 |
Temperature (°C) | A |
---|---|
100 | 52.35672 |
200 | 31.06404 |
300 | 11.31608 |
400 | 8.82928 |
Strain Rate (s–1) | B | C |
---|---|---|
1 | 559,474.49203 | −710.28342 |
0.1 | 510,270.09992 | −587.19311 |
0.01 | 486,071.28817 | −541.91309 |
0.001 | 438,505.99469 | −466.32879 |
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Yang, S.-Y.; Lee, D.-B.; Choi, K.-H.; Kim, N.-S.; Ha, S.-H.; Kim, B.-H.; Yoon, Y.-O.; Lim, H.-K.; Kim, S.K.; Kim, Y.-J. Stretch Forming Behavior and Constitutive Equation of a Modified 5083 Alloy with High Mg Content at Elevated Temperatures. Metals 2021, 11, 410. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11030410
Yang S-Y, Lee D-B, Choi K-H, Kim N-S, Ha S-H, Kim B-H, Yoon Y-O, Lim H-K, Kim SK, Kim Y-J. Stretch Forming Behavior and Constitutive Equation of a Modified 5083 Alloy with High Mg Content at Elevated Temperatures. Metals. 2021; 11(3):410. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11030410
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Seung-Yoon, Da-Bin Lee, Kweon-Hoon Choi, Nam-Seok Kim, Seong-Ho Ha, Bong-Hwan Kim, Young-Ok Yoon, Hyun-Kyu Lim, Shae K. Kim, and Young-Jig Kim. 2021. "Stretch Forming Behavior and Constitutive Equation of a Modified 5083 Alloy with High Mg Content at Elevated Temperatures" Metals 11, no. 3: 410. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11030410