Preparation of a Nickel Layer with Bell-Mouthed Macropores via the Dual-Template Method
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Analysis of the Formation of Bell-Mouthed Macropores in Deposition
3.2. Effect of Stirring Speed of the Solution
3.3. Effect of Current Density
4. Conclusions
- The surface tension of the solution is a decisive factor in obtaining the target nickel layer. When the content of SDS in the base bath is 0.0050 g/L ( = 50.2 mN/m), the desired bubble template can be formed and there are fewer bubbles attached to other areas on the substrate. The bubble template is relatively static due to the hydrogen bubbles staying attached to the surface of the substrate, and the bubbles grow slowly. The micropores on the substrate provide a preferential condition for the formation of the bell-mouthed macropores in the deposition and make the positions of the bell-mouthed macropores controllable.
- The sizes of the bell-mouthed macropores can be adjusted by varying the stirring speed of the solution and the current density. As the solution stirring speed increases from 160 to 480 r/min, the angle range of the bell-mouthed macropore cross-sectional profile is increased from 21.0° to 44.3°. In addition, the angle range of the bell-mouthed macropores cross-sectional profile is increased from 39.3° to 46.3° with the current density increasing from 1 to 2.5 A/dm2.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Unit adhesion energy | |
Adhesion energy; the work required in detaching the bubble from the electrode | |
Area of interface between bubble and deposition | |
Surface tension of the H2–liquid interface | |
Contact angle of the bubble at the cathode surface | |
DHBT | Dynamic hydrogen bubble template |
SDS | Sodium dodecyl sulfate |
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SDS (g/L) | 0.0020 | 0.0040 | 0.0050 | 0.0060 | 0.0080 | 0.0100 |
Surface tension (mN/m) | 60.0 ± 0.3 | 53.4 ± 0.2 | 50.2 ± 0.2 | 47.4 ± 0.3 | 46.7 ± 0.1 | 46.0 ± 0.1 |
Stirring speed (r/min) | 240 | 320 | 400 | 480 |
Average angle of macropores profile (°) | 21.0 ± 1.4 | 39.5 ± 4.3 | 36.5 ± 1.7 | 44.3 ± 4.3 |
Current Density (A/dm2) | 1 | 1.5 | 2 | 2.5 |
Average angle of macropores profile (°) | 39.2 ± 3.3 | 39.5 ± 4.3 | 44 ± 5.4 | 46.3 ± 1.7 |
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Yang, R.; Yao, W.; Qian, G.; Dou, Y. Preparation of a Nickel Layer with Bell-Mouthed Macropores via the Dual-Template Method. Metals 2021, 11, 1894. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11121894
Yang R, Yao W, Qian G, Dou Y. Preparation of a Nickel Layer with Bell-Mouthed Macropores via the Dual-Template Method. Metals. 2021; 11(12):1894. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11121894
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Ruishan, Weiguo Yao, Guangguang Qian, and Yanli Dou. 2021. "Preparation of a Nickel Layer with Bell-Mouthed Macropores via the Dual-Template Method" Metals 11, no. 12: 1894. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11121894