The Role of Surfactant Structure on the Development of a Sustainable and Effective Cutting Fluid for Machining Titanium Alloys
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Mix Proportions: Preparation of Emulsion
- The oil phase: this is a fatty acid ester trimethylolpropane trioleate or TMP oleate, Weichol 3/134W from Industrial Química Lasem (IQL, Castellgalí, Spain), commercially used as environmentally adapted lubricant [41].
- The aqueous phase: this is a solution of 2-aminoethanol (MEA) (supplied by Across, Noisy Le Grans, France) in distilled deionized water to reach and maintain a pH above 9. The ideal pH of water-based MWF is within the range 8.5 to 9.5. At this condition, it prevents corrosion on ferrous metals, minimizes the potential for contact dermatitis, and controls biological growth [42,43].
- The surfactant blend: this is a mixture of a non-ionic surfactant oleyl/cetyl propoxylated alcohol with the trade name Dehypon OCP502 (BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany) and the different surfactants under study (Kao Chemicals GmbH, Emmerich, Germany) (Table 2) with a 2:3 ratio. Adding a non-ionic surfactant allows closer packing at the interface and it contributes to stabilizing the emulsion. The oleyl/cetyl propoxylated alcohol was selected according to guidelines for formulating microemulsions from the experimental results of the study conducted by Zhao et al. [40], where the hydrocarbon chain length of the non-ionic surfactant should be equal to or greater than the hydrocarbon chain length of the oil fatty acids.
2.2. Determination of Fatty Acid Ester Content on Ti6Al4V Surface
2.3. Tapping Torque Test for Tribological Study
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of Surfactant Charge on the Lubricity Performance of Emulsions
3.2. Effect of Surfactant’s Hydrocarbon Chain Length on the Tribological Performance of Emulsions
3.3. Effect of Anionic Surfactant’s Ethoxylation Degree on the Tribological Performance of Emulsions
4. Conclusions
- It was found that, from the surfactants tested, non-ionic surfactants are less promising and their structures have little impact on the adherence of TMP oleate. The application of surfactants bearing an anionic group can be successful, as they not only promote TMP oleate adhesion, but also, they improve the anti-wear.
- The data also indicate that the molecular structure of anionic surfactants has a high impact on the amount of ester adhered on the titanium alloy surface, forming a lubricating film that prevents direct metal contact. The more ester is adhered, the lower the tapping torque values are, indicating less wear.
- The concentration of ester increases with the hydrocarbon chain length of the anionic surfactant, as it becomes more lipophilic. However, surfactants with a hydrocarbon chain below eight carbons show high emulsion instability.
- It was apparent that the longer the hydrocarbon chain of the surfactant is, the higher the wear reduction is, regardless of surfactant type, whether it is anionic or non-ionic.
- In the tested anionic surfactants, the higher the number of ethoxylations, the more significant the increase in lubricity observed. Even though there is less surfactant on the surface, due to higher solubility increases, the amount of ester increases, forming a more resistant layer.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Product | Molar |
---|---|
TMP Oleate | 0.0010 |
Dehypon OCP 502 | 0.0008 |
Surfactant under study | 0.0012 |
Charge | Abbreviation | Chain | Ethoxylation Degree (EO) | Chemical Name |
---|---|---|---|---|
Anionic | AC8E8 | C8 | 8 EO | Capryleth-9 carboxylic acid |
AC12E4.5 | C12 | 4.5 EO | Laureth-6 carboxylic acid | |
AC12E10 | C12 | 10 EO | Laureth-11 carboxylic acid | |
AC18E2 | C18 | 2 EO | Oleth-3 carboxylic acid | |
AC18E5 | C18 | 5 EO | Oleth-6 carboxylic acid | |
AC18E9 | C18 | 9 EO | Oleth-10 carboxylic acid | |
Non-ionic | NC8E8 | C8 | 8 EO | Octyl alcohol, ethoxylated |
NC12E4.5 | C12 | 4.5 EO | Lauryl alcohol, ethoxylated | |
NC12E10 | C12 | 10 EO | Lauryl alcohol, ethoxylated | |
NC18E2 | C18 | 2 EO | Oleyl alcohol, ethoxylated | |
NC18E5 | C18 | 5 EO | Oleyl alcohol, ethoxylated | |
NC18E10 | C18 | 9 EO | Oleyl alcohol, ethoxylated |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Spindle speed (rpm) | 300 |
Depth of cut (mm) | 6 |
Hole diameter (mm) | 3.3 |
Tapping tool | TTT_M4C |
Workpiece material | Ti6Al4V pre-drilled |
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Benedicto, E.; Rubio, E.M.; Carou, D.; Santacruz, C. The Role of Surfactant Structure on the Development of a Sustainable and Effective Cutting Fluid for Machining Titanium Alloys. Metals 2020, 10, 1388. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10101388
Benedicto E, Rubio EM, Carou D, Santacruz C. The Role of Surfactant Structure on the Development of a Sustainable and Effective Cutting Fluid for Machining Titanium Alloys. Metals. 2020; 10(10):1388. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10101388
Chicago/Turabian StyleBenedicto, Elisabet, Eva María Rubio, Diego Carou, and Coral Santacruz. 2020. "The Role of Surfactant Structure on the Development of a Sustainable and Effective Cutting Fluid for Machining Titanium Alloys" Metals 10, no. 10: 1388. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10101388