A New Approach for Obtaining the Compression Behavior of Anisotropic Sheet Metals Applicable to a Wide Range of Test Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Development of the Experimental Methodology for Hot Compression Tests
2.1.1. Description of Tools and Test System
2.1.2. Design of the Compression Test Specimens
2.2. Approaches to Evaluate the Compression Behaviour of Sheet Metal
2.2.1. Procedure Based on the Central Cross-Section Measurement
2.2.2. Procedure Based on the Inverse Modelling Method of the Compression True Stress-Strain Curve
2.3. Experimental Procedure
2.3.1. Test Materials
2.3.2. Compression Tests
2.3.3. Tensile Tests
2.3.4. Estimation of the Friction Force in the System and the Correction to be Considered in True Stress-Strain Curves
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Notation
true plastic strain | |
prior strain | |
average simulated plastic strain for a strain point i | |
true stress | |
hydrostatic stress | |
equivalent stress | |
estimated true stress for n+1 iteration for a strain point i | |
estimated true stress in the current iteration for a strain point i | |
engineering stress | |
experimental reference stress for the inverse adjustment for a strain point i | |
engineering stress obtained in the simulation for a strain point i | |
D | diameter of the hole for the clamping screws |
engineering strain | |
engineering strain in ultimate tensile strength (UTS) | |
average friction force | |
effective compression force | |
experimental measured compression force (with friction) | |
tensile test force with anti-buckling support | |
tensile test force | |
K | strength coefficient |
R | transition radius to the width of the test samples heads |
L | length of the gauge area after deformation |
gauge/initial length | |
Lh | specimen head width |
n | strain hardening index |
r | normal anisotropy value or Lankford index |
S | cross-section of the deformed sample |
initial cross-section of the sample | |
triaxiality parameter | |
initial width | |
Wh | specimen head length |
Ls, Ws | position of the screw hole |
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Dimension (mm) | L0 | W0 | R | D | Lh | Ls | Wh | Ws |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Test specimen | 30 | 15 | 8 | 10 | 42.5 | 20 | 35 | 17.5 |
Short test specimen | 20 | 10 | 8 | 10 | 47.5 | 20 | 35 | 17.5 |
Material | Thickness (mm) | Crystallographic Structure | Rolling Direction | Anisotropy | Deformation Characteristics | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ti6Al4V (Hot-rolled and annealed to 760 °C) | 0.8 | Hcp + Bcc | 1027 | 90° | 1.34 | Possible asymmetry t-c by hcp |
Ticp2 (Cold-rolled) | 0.81 | Hcp | 282 | 0° | 4.27 | Asymmetry t-c by hcp. Highly anisotropic |
AISI 316 (Annealed) | 0.8 | Fcc | 307 | 0° | 0.61 | Strain-induced martensitic transformation |
Al 1050 | 0.975 | Fcc | 163 | 0° | 0.87 | − |
TRIP 690 + EBT (Zinc-coated) | 1 | Bcc + Fcc | 446 | 0° | 0.89 | Strain-induced martensitic transformation |
DX52C + Z (Hot did galvanised) | 0.8 | Bcc | 299 | 90° | 1.00 | Isotropic |
Material | Screws for Tightening on Heads | Auxiliary Lateral Screws |
---|---|---|
Ti6Al4V | 40 Nm | 5 Nm |
Ticp2 | 25 Nm | 5 Nm |
AISI 316 | 20 Nm | 5 Nm |
Al 1050 | 20 Nm | 5 Nm |
TRIP 690 | 25 Nm | 5 Nm |
DX52C | 20 Nm | 5 Nm |
Material | FFriction (N) | Blank-Holding Pressure (MPa) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Ti6Al4V | 304 | 4.2–3.4 | 930 | 0.2–0.2 |
Ticp2 | 166 | 2.3–1.8 | 267 | 0.4–0.3 |
AISI 316 | 345 | 4.8–3.8 | 243 | 1.0–0.8 |
Al 1050 | 282 | 3.9–3.1 | 157 | 1.2–1.0 |
TRIP 690 | 436 | 6.1–4.8 | 400 | 0.7–0.6 |
DX52C | 364 | 5.1–4.0 | 288 | 0.9–0.7 |
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Ayllón, J.; Miguel, V.; Martínez-Martínez, A.; Coello, J.; Naranjo, J.A. A New Approach for Obtaining the Compression Behavior of Anisotropic Sheet Metals Applicable to a Wide Range of Test Conditions. Metals 2020, 10, 1374. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10101374
Ayllón J, Miguel V, Martínez-Martínez A, Coello J, Naranjo JA. A New Approach for Obtaining the Compression Behavior of Anisotropic Sheet Metals Applicable to a Wide Range of Test Conditions. Metals. 2020; 10(10):1374. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10101374
Chicago/Turabian StyleAyllón, Jorge, Valentín Miguel, Alberto Martínez-Martínez, Juana Coello, and Jesús Andrés Naranjo. 2020. "A New Approach for Obtaining the Compression Behavior of Anisotropic Sheet Metals Applicable to a Wide Range of Test Conditions" Metals 10, no. 10: 1374. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10101374