Strengthening Mechanisms in Nickel-Copper Alloys: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Role of Alloying Elements
3. Microstructure
4. Strengthening Mechanisms
4.1. Grain Refinement
4.2. Solid Solution Strengthening
4.3. Precipitation Strengthening
4.4. Dislocation Strengthening (Work Hardening)
5. Mechanical Properties
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Monel Alloys | Ni | Cu | C | Mn | Fe | Co | S | Si | Al | Ti | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Monel 400 | Max | - | 34.0 | 0.3 | 2.0 | 2.5 | - | 0.024 | 0.5 | - | - |
Min | 63.0 | 28.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Monel 401 | Max | 45.0 | Balance | 0.1 | 2.25 | 0.75 | 0.25 | 0.015 | 0.25 | - | - |
Min | 40.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Monel 404 | Max | 57.0 | Balance | 0.15 | 0.1 | 0.5 | - | 0.024 | 0.1 | 0.05 | - |
Min | 52.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Monel R405 | Max | - | 34.0 | 0.3 | 2.0 | 2.5 | - | 0.060 | 0.5 | - | - |
Min | 63.0 | 28.0 | - | - | - | - | 0.025 | - | - | - | |
Monel K500 | Max | - | 33.0 | 0.18 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 0.25 | 0.006 | 0.5 | 3.15 | 0.85 |
Min | 63.0 | 27.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.3 | 0.35 |
Element | Approximate Atomic Size Difference Compared to Ni, % | Approximate Solubility in Ni at 1000 °C, wt.% [34] |
---|---|---|
Ta | −51 | 14 |
W | −44 | 38 |
Mo | −41 | 34 |
Ti | −27 | 10 |
V | −22 | 20 |
Cr | −17 | 40 |
Mn | −12 | 20 |
Nb | −49 | 6 |
Al | 31 | 7 |
Si | 38 | 8 |
C | 82 | 0.2 |
Fe | −9 | 100 |
Co | −3 | 100 |
Cu | 4 | 100 |
Processing Condition | Yield Strength, MPa | Tensile Strength, MPa | Elongation, % | HB |
---|---|---|---|---|
Monel 400 | ||||
Hot-Finished | 280–690 | 550–760 | 30–60 | 140–240 |
Hot-Finished, Annealed | 170–340 | 520–620 | 35–60 | 110–150 |
Cold-Drawn | 380–690 | 580–830 | 22–40 | 160–225 |
Monel K500 | ||||
Hot-Finished | 280–760 | 620–1070 | 45–20 | 140–315 |
Hot-Finished, Aged | 690–1034 | 965–1310 | 30–20 | 265–346 |
Hot-Finished, Annealed | 280–414 | 621–760 | 45–25 | 140–185 |
Hot-Finished, Annealed and Aged | 586–830 | 896–1140 | 35–20 | 250–315 |
Cold-Drawn, As-Drawn | 483–860 | 690–965 | 35–13 | 175–260 |
Cold-Drawn, Aged | 655–1100 | 931–1280 | 30–15 | 255–370 |
Cold-Drawn, Annealed | 280–414 | 621–760 | 50–25 | 140–185 |
Cold-Drawn, Annealed and Aged | 586–830 | 896–1310 | 30–20 | 250–315 |
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Marenych, O.; Kostryzhev, A. Strengthening Mechanisms in Nickel-Copper Alloys: A Review. Metals 2020, 10, 1358. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10101358
Marenych O, Kostryzhev A. Strengthening Mechanisms in Nickel-Copper Alloys: A Review. Metals. 2020; 10(10):1358. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10101358
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarenych, Olexandra, and Andrii Kostryzhev. 2020. "Strengthening Mechanisms in Nickel-Copper Alloys: A Review" Metals 10, no. 10: 1358. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10101358