Build Size and Orientation Influence on Mechanical Properties of Powder Bed Fusion Deposited Titanium Parts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Methods
2.1. Processing and Specimen Preparation
2.2. Tensile Testing
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Fracture Surface and Microstructure Evaluations
3. Results
3.1. Tensile Properties
3.2. Build Orientation Effects for EBM Samples
3.3. Results for Miniature M-TT Specimens
3.4. Microstructure and Fractography
4. Discussion
4.1. Sample Thickness
4.2. Build Orientation Effects
4.3. Usability of M-TT Specimens
4.4. Microstructure
4.5. Connection of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties
5. Conclusions
- Mechanical properties of EBM-processed specimens are dependent on the as-deposited sample thickness. Differences in results obtained on the machined specimens is related to differences in the microstructures at the different thicknesses.
- The effects of the as-deposited sample thickness on mechanical properties was less apparent in the SLM-processed specimens [13] as these were all given the same stress relief treatment prior to testing. The mechanical properties for both the flat and round samples stabilized after reaching a certain sample thickness.
- Values for the mechanical properties (tensile yield strength, ultimate tensile strength) are affected by differences in the microstructural features, including the α-lamellae thickness, amount and type of porosity, and the width of the prior-beta grains. Both metallography and fractography analyses were conducted in this regard.
- The results obtained for the as-deposited vs. machined samples revealed that the mechanical properties were mostly affected by the as-deposited (i.e., rough) sample surfaces present for the as-deposited samples. However, testing of the machined samples revealed a more significant role of the microstructural differences on the subsequent mechanical properties.
- The results for both as-deposited and machined M-TT samples of Ti-6Al-4V are broadly useful for estimating the effects of changes in sample thickness, orientation, and processing technique(s) on mechanical properties, and are broadly relevant to such issues on components/parts.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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AM Technology | Weight (%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ti | Al | V | C | Fe | O | N | H | |
EBM | Balance | 6.49 | 4.01 | 0.02 | 0.18 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.001 |
AM Technology | Powder Size (µm) | ||
---|---|---|---|
D10 | D50 | D90 | |
EBM | 55 | 76 | 106 |
Data Set | Original Diameter (mm) | Original Thickness (mm) | As-Deposited Cross Section Area (mm2) | Orientation |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | - | 0.5 | 0.75 | ZXY |
2 | - | 1.0 | 1.50 | ZXY |
3 | - | 1.5 | 2.25 | ZXY |
4 | - | 2.0 | 3.00 | ZXY |
5 | - | 2.5 | 3.75 | ZXY |
6 | - | 3.0 | 4.50 | ZXY |
7 | - | 1.0 | 1.50 | XYZ |
8 | - | 1.5 | 2.25 | XYZ |
9 | - | 2.0 | 3.00 | XYZ |
10 | - | 0.5 | 0.75 | XZY |
11 | - | 1.0 | 1.50 | XZY |
12 | - | 1.5 | 2.25 | XZY |
13 | 0.5 | - | 0.79 | ZXY |
14 | 1.0 | - | 1.77 | ZXY |
15 | 1.5 | - | 3.14 | ZXY |
16 | 2.0 | - | 4.91 | ZXY |
17 | 2.5 | - | 7.07 | ZXY |
18 | 3.0 | - | 9.62 | ZXY |
19 | 6.0 | - | 28.26 | ZXY |
Method | Data Set | As-Deposited Cross Section Area (mm2) | Value | OYS | UTS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(MPa) | (MPa) | ||||
EBM | M-TT reduced section | 0.50 | Average | 1034.2 | 1104.3 |
Standard deviation | 19.8 | 35.5 | |||
6 ZXY | 22.89 | Average | 1052.9 | 1093.8 | |
Standard deviation | 2.6 | 4.7 | |||
SLM | M-TT reduced section | 0.50 | Average | 988.0 | 1038.7 |
Standard deviation | 10.4 | 9.9 | |||
6 ZXY | 22.89 | Average | 976.3 | 1025.0 | |
Standard deviation | 12.0 | 3.8 |
Method | As-Deposited Cross Section Area (mm2) | Average Porosity (%) | Thickness of Lamellae α (µm) | Width of Prior-β Grains (µm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
SLM | 0.75 | 0.38 | 1.07 ± 0.43 | 124.5 ± 22.5 |
1.50 | 0.14 | 1.19 ± 0.40 | 104.3 ± 26.8 | |
2.25 | 0.10 | 1.36 ± 0.49 | 109.1 ± 18.2 | |
4.50 | 0.30 | 1.29 ± 0.46 | 87.7 ± 20.9 | |
EBM | 0.75 | 0.07 | 0.43 ± 0.15 | - |
1.50 | 0.05 | 0.63 ± 0.25 | - | |
2.25 | 0.10 | 0.87 ± 0.34 | 19.3 ± 3.0 | |
4.50 | 0.24 | 1.07 ± 0.38 | 76.4 ± 18.2 |
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Mertová, K.; Džugan, J.; Roudnická, M.; Daniel, M.; Vojtěch, D.; Seifi, M.; Lewandowski, J.J. Build Size and Orientation Influence on Mechanical Properties of Powder Bed Fusion Deposited Titanium Parts. Metals 2020, 10, 1340. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10101340
Mertová K, Džugan J, Roudnická M, Daniel M, Vojtěch D, Seifi M, Lewandowski JJ. Build Size and Orientation Influence on Mechanical Properties of Powder Bed Fusion Deposited Titanium Parts. Metals. 2020; 10(10):1340. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10101340
Chicago/Turabian StyleMertová, Kateřina, Ján Džugan, Michaela Roudnická, Matěj Daniel, Dalibor Vojtěch, Mohsen Seifi, and John J. Lewandowski. 2020. "Build Size and Orientation Influence on Mechanical Properties of Powder Bed Fusion Deposited Titanium Parts" Metals 10, no. 10: 1340. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10101340