Relationships between Bat Swing Speed and Muscle Thickness and Asymmetry in Collegiate Baseball Players
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Procedures
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Muscle | Dominant (mm) | Non-Dominant (mm) | Asymmetry (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Trunk muscles | |||
Upper abdominal rectus | 16.2 ± 2.4 | 16.2 ± 2.4 | 0.0 ± 6.0 |
Central abdominal rectus | 17.4 ± 2.5 | 17.2 ± 2.6 | +1.9 ± 7.0 |
Lower abdominal rectus | 19.5 ± 3.3 | 19.8 ± 3.5 | −0.6 ± 9.9 |
Abdominal wall | 30.9 ± 5.2 | 33.7 ± 5.9 ∗ | −7.5 ± 8.6 |
Multifidus lumborum | 27.3 ± 3.5 | 27.9 ± 3.1 ∗ | −2.2 ± 4.5 |
Upper limb muscles | |||
Elbow flexors | 32.3 ± 2.9 | 32.1 ± 2.9 | +1.0 ± 6.1 |
Elbow extensors | 35.1 ± 5.5 | 35.3 ± 5.6 | +0.1 ± 11.2 |
Forearm flexors | 24.5 ± 2.7 | 24.5 ± 2.5 | +0.6 ± 10.1 |
Lower limb muscles | |||
Knee extensors | 61.7 ± 5.2 | 60.2 ± 5.4 | +2.7 ± 5.9 |
Knee flexors | 76.6 ± 6.6 | 76.6 ± 5.9 | +0.1 ± 3.3 |
Dorsiflexors | 29.5 ± 2.3 | 29.2 ± 2.3 | +1.3 ± 4.0 |
Plantar flexors | 69.4 ± 4.9 | 69.6 ± 4.5 | −0.3 ± 4.5 |
Muscle | Dominant | Non-dominant | % Asymmetry | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | p Values | r | p Values | r | p Values | |
Trunk | ||||||
Upper abdominal rectus | 0.229 | 0.283 | 0.151 | 0.480 | 0.160 | 0.456 |
Central abdominal rectus | 0.236 | 0.267 | 0.184 | 0.390 | 0.077 | 0.722 |
Lower abdominal rectus | 0.097 | 0.651 | 0.098 | 0.650 | 0.006 | 0.978 |
Abdominal wall | 0.426 | 0.038 | 0.386 | 0.062 | 0.008 | 0.972 |
Multifidus lumborum | 0.432 | 0.035 | 0.379 | 0.068 | 0.261 | 0.218 |
Upper limb | ||||||
Elbow flexors | 0.378 | 0.069 | 0.223 | 0.295 | 0.183 | 0.393 |
Elbow extensors | −0.149 | 0.487 | −0.015 | 0.945 | −0.201 | 0.346 |
Forearm flexors | 0.003 | 0.989 | −0.143 | 0.505 | 0.167 | 0.436 |
Lower limb | ||||||
Knee extensors | 0.194 | 0.364 | 0.245 | 0.249 | −0.105 | 0.624 |
Knee flexors | 0.081 | 0.706 | 0.028 | 0.898 | 0.136 | 0.528 |
Dorsiflexors | −0.110 | 0.609 | 0.005 | 0.980 | −0.237 | 0.265 |
Plantar flexors | −0.044 | 0.837 | 0.152 | 0.478 | −0.286 | 0.176 |
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Tsuchikane, R.; Higuchi, T.; Suga, T.; Wachi, M.; Misaki, J.; Tanaka, D.; Miyake, Y.; Isaka, T. Relationships between Bat Swing Speed and Muscle Thickness and Asymmetry in Collegiate Baseball Players. Sports 2017, 5, 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports5020033
Tsuchikane R, Higuchi T, Suga T, Wachi M, Misaki J, Tanaka D, Miyake Y, Isaka T. Relationships between Bat Swing Speed and Muscle Thickness and Asymmetry in Collegiate Baseball Players. Sports. 2017; 5(2):33. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports5020033
Chicago/Turabian StyleTsuchikane, Ryo, Takatoshi Higuchi, Tadashi Suga, Michio Wachi, Jun Misaki, Daichi Tanaka, Yuto Miyake, and Tadao Isaka. 2017. "Relationships between Bat Swing Speed and Muscle Thickness and Asymmetry in Collegiate Baseball Players" Sports 5, no. 2: 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports5020033