Monitoring the Attack Incidences and Damage Caused by the Almond Bark Beetle, Scolytus amygdali, in Almond Orchards
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling Survey of S. amygdali Attack on an Almond Tree
2.2. Survey of Almond Trees to Assess Scolytus amygdali Abundance/Density
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Distribution of Scolytus amygdali Attack Abundance on a Tree
3.2. Survey of Almond Trees to Assess the Abundance of Scolytus amygdali Populations
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References and Note
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Strata | Orientations | Percent Attack Number (Total) | Percent Attack Density (Total) | Percent Multiplication Rate (Total) | Pearson Chi-Square |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stratum S1 | North | 22.89 (83) | 25.00 (0.04) | 08.30 (44) | X2 = 0.99, df = 6, p = 0.369 |
South | 25.30 (83) | 25.00 (0.04) | 36.92 (44) | ||
East | 20.48 (83) | 25.00 (0.04) | 13.06 (44) | ||
West | 31.32 (83) | 25.00 (0.04) | 41.70 (44) | ||
Total | 18.95 (438) | 7.02 (0.57) | 12.19 (358) | ||
Stratum S2 | North | 27.27 (110) | 27.27 (0.11) | 22.75 (72) | X2 = 0.99, df = 6, p = 0.040 |
South | 20.90 (110) | 18.18 (0.11) | 4.069 (72) | ||
East | 23.63 (110) | 18.18 (0.11) | 37.58 (72) | ||
West | 28.18 (110) | 36.36 (0.11) | 35.58 (72) | ||
Total | 25.11 (438) | 19.30 (0.57) | 19.94 (358) | ||
Stratum S3 | North | 26.00 (100) | 20.00 (0.1) | 27.88 (97) | X2 = 0.99, df = 6, p = 0.062 |
South | 14.00 (100) | 20.00 (0.1) | 32.61 (97) | ||
East | 30.00 (100) | 30.00 (0.1) | 19.92 (97) | ||
West | 30.00 (100) | 30.00 (0.1) | 19.57 (97) | ||
Total | 22.83 (438) | 17.54 (0.57) | 26.87 (358) | ||
Stratum S4 | North | 13.41 (82) | 10.00 (0.1) | 27.48 (85) | X2 = 0.99, df = 6, p = 0.147 |
South | 32.92 (82) | 40.00 (0.1) | 18.47 (85) | ||
East | 29.26 (82) | 30.00 (0.1) | 25.097 (85) | ||
West | 24.39 (82) | 20.00 (0.1) | 28.94 (85) | ||
Total | 18.72 (438) | 17.54 (0.57) | 23.70 (358) | ||
Strataum S5 | North | 28.57 (63) | 27.27 (0.22) | 24.38 (62) | X2 = 0.99, df = 6, p = 0.497 |
South | 23.80 (63) | 22.72 (0.22) | 13.44 (62) | ||
East | 23.80 (63) | 22.72 (0.22) | 20.97 (62) | ||
West | 23.80 (63) | 27.27 (0.22) | 41.19 (62) | ||
Total | 14.38 (438) | 38.59 (0.57) | 17.28 (358) | ||
Pearson chi-square | X2 = 16.16, df = 12, p = 0.184 | X2 = 3.35, df = 12, p = 0.993 | X2 = 44.67, df = 12, p < 0.001 * |
N | Min. | Max. | Sum | Mean | SD | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Height | 70 | 1.2 | 5.0 | 164 | 2.343 | 0.7876 |
Circumference | 70 | 24 | 95 | 3952 | 56.45 | 17.913 |
Gum | Foliar | Flower | Circumference | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Attack intensity | 0.312 ** | −0.309 ** | −0.488 ** | 0.315 ** |
0.009 | 0.009 | <0.000 | 0.008 |
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Zeiri, A.; Ahmed, M.Z.; Cuthbertson, A.G.S.; Braham, M.; Braham, M. Monitoring the Attack Incidences and Damage Caused by the Almond Bark Beetle, Scolytus amygdali, in Almond Orchards. Insects 2018, 9, 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9010001
Zeiri A, Ahmed MZ, Cuthbertson AGS, Braham M, Braham M. Monitoring the Attack Incidences and Damage Caused by the Almond Bark Beetle, Scolytus amygdali, in Almond Orchards. Insects. 2018; 9(1):1. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleZeiri, Asma, Muhammad Z. Ahmed, Andrew G. S. Cuthbertson, Mohamed Braham, and Mohamed Braham. 2018. "Monitoring the Attack Incidences and Damage Caused by the Almond Bark Beetle, Scolytus amygdali, in Almond Orchards" Insects 9, no. 1: 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9010001