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The Effects of Thiacloprid on Essential Components of Navigation and Pollination in Bumble Bees: A Laboratory Approach
Institute of Biology/Neurobiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin Luisestr. 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Insects 2026, 17(6), 651; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17060651 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 28 April 2026
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Revised: 15 June 2026
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Accepted: 16 June 2026
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Published: 20 June 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental and Field Approaches Using Pollinating Insects as Model Systems)
Simple Summary
The study of the effects of insecticides require laboratory tests that can be applied as routine methods. We developed a laboratory-based setup to perform behavioral tests of the effect on bumblebees of the neonicotinoid insecticide Thiacloprid in the CALYPSO® formulation. Walking bumblebees navigated under their own motivation between a fully functional colony and a training/test arena. They explored the arena and learned the association of a rewarded local cue in the context of a panorama. Solving this task requires the learning and remembering of a rule under variable conditions, mimicking the cognitive requirements faced by bumblebees under natural conditions. The control animals solved this task, whereas the animals treated with Thiacloprid in 4 µL (400 ng) CALYPSO® were significantly compromised, as shown by several parameters of the walking trajectories under the match and mismatch conditions. No dose–response functions were tested, but a volume of 8 µL (800 ng) CALYPSO® did not show any significant differences from a volume of 4 µL CALYPSO®.
Abstract
We developed a laboratory-based setup to perform behavioral tests of the effect of the neonicotinoid insecticide Thiacloprid in the CALYPSO® formulation on bumblebees. This setup simulates essential components of navigation and pollination under natural conditions. The behavioral components are exploration, exploratory learning, learning of a rewarded local cue in the context of a specific panorama, and retrieving the memory for this association. The walking bumblebees navigated under their own motivation between a fully functional colony and a training/test arena. They explored the arena and learned the association of a rewarded local cue in the context of a panorama. The rule of association was that the local cue was bound to a particular part of the panorama irrespective of where it appeared in its spatial relation to the entrance gate through which the animal came from the colony. Extinction tests were performed for two conditions, match and mismatch. The match condition resembled the training condition. In the mismatch condition the local cue appeared in a different part of the panorama. Solving this task requires the learning and remembering of a rule under variable conditions, mimicking the cognitive requirements faced by bumblebees under natural conditions. The control animals solved this task, whereas animals treated with Thiacloprid 400 ng CALYPSO® diluted in 4 µL per animal were significantly compromised, as shown by several parameters of the walking trajectories under the match and mismatch conditions. No dose–response functions were established, but a volume of 800 ng CALYPSO® diluted in 8 µL per animal did not show any significant differences from a volume of 4 µL CALYPSO®. The setup and the experimental paradigm are suitable for routine quantitative tests on the effects of insecticides on the cognitive faculties of insects during navigation and pollination.
