Buprestid Beetles of Togo: Ecological, Sociocultural, and Nutritional Impacts of a High Quality Food Source
Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Biochemical Assays
- Fibre content was determined using the Weende method [24].
- After acid hydrolysis followed by basic hydrolysis, the samples were dried at 150 °C for one hour and then incinerated at 550 °C for 6 h.
- Compositions of ashes (mineral substances), lipids, and proteins were determined according to methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (see below).
- Mineral content was determined using the Pauwels method [27].
- The fatty acid composition of the lipids was obtained by gas chromatography, and the omega-6/omega-3 ratio was calculated.
- Amino acid composition was determined using a Biochrom 30+ amino acid analyser, following the method described by Fountoulakis and Lahm [30].
- Vitamins were assayed using AOAC [32] methods.
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Diversity of Buprestid Beetles Consumed in Togo
3.2. Physiological and Socioeconomic Impacts of Buprestid Consumption in Togo
3.3. Factors Behind the Decline in Buprestid Consumption
3.4. Chemical Composition of S. interrrupta
3.4.1. Proximate Composition and Energy Value
3.4.2. Mineral Composition
3.4.3. Vitamin Composition
3.4.4. Amino Acid Composition
3.4.5. Lipid Characteristics
4. Discussion
4.1. Species Diversity of Buprestids Consumed in Togo
4.2. Ecological and Socioeconomic Impacts of Buprestid Consumption in Togo
4.3. Biochemical Analyses of S. interrupta
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
| AFNOR | French Association for Standardization |
| ANSES | French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety |
| AOAC | Association of Official Analytical Chemists |
| AOCS | American Oil Chemists’ Society |
| FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |
| INFOODS | International Network of Food Data Systems |
| RDI | Recommended Daily Intakes |
| UN | United Nations |
| WHO | World Health Organization |
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| Genera | Scientific Names of Species |
|---|---|
| Sternocera | Sternocera castanea (Olivier, 1790) |
| Sternocera interrupta (Olivier, 1790) | |
| Steraspis | Steraspis squamosa (Klug, 1829) |
| Ethnic Group | Generations (Ages in Years) | Total (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5–30 y (%) | 30–60 y (%) | 60–85 y (%) | ||
| Anoufo | 9 (10.00%) | 14 (15.56%) | 22 (24.44%) | 45(50.00%) |
| Bassar | 4 (4.44%) | 14 (15.56%) | 20 (22.22%) | 38(42.22%) |
| Gourma | 9 (10.00%) | 16 (17.78%) | 22 (24.44%) | 47(52.22%) |
| Komkomba | 3 (3.33%) | 15 (16.67%) | 24 (26.67%) | 42(46.67%) |
| Lamba | 7 (7.78%) | 15 (16.67%) | 21 (23.33%) | 43(47.78%) |
| Moba | 8 (8.89%) | 19 (21.11%) | 22 (24.44%) | 49(54.44%) |
| Ngam-gam | 7 (7.78%) | 16 (17.78%) | 22 (24.44%) | 45(50.00%) |
| Total | 47 (7.46%) | 109 (17.30%) | 153 (24.29%) | 309(49.05%) |
| Parameters Analysed | Proximate Composition and Energy Value |
|---|---|
| Ash | 9.48 ± 0.45 |
| Protein | 58.02 ± 0.18 |
| Lipids (Fat) | 6.63 ± 0.28 |
| Fibre | 12.81 ± 0.49 |
| Nitrogen free extract | 13.06 ± 0.74 |
| Energy | 446.47 ± 5.57 |
| Mineral | Average Content | RDI [35] Adults | % of RDI per 100 g |
|---|---|---|---|
| Calcium | 198.09 ± 1.82 | 1000 mg/day | 19.8% |
| Magnesium | 98.82± 0.06 | 420 mg/day (men), 360 mg/day (women) | 23.5% (men), 27.5% (women) |
| Phosphorus | 183.28 ± 2.76 | 700 mg/day | 26.2% |
| Potassium | 635.56 ± 1.48 | 3500 mg/day | 18.2% |
| Sodium | 22.11 ± 0.17 | <2000 mg/day (maximum) | 1.1% |
| Iron | 11.86 ± 0.02 | 11 mg/day (men), 16 mg/day (women) | 107.8% (men), 74.1% (women) |
| Manganese | 5.71 ± 0.07 | 2 mg/day | 285.5% |
| Copper | 2.84 ± 0.11 | 1.6 mg/day (men), 1.3 mg/day (women) | 177.5% (men), 218.5% (women) |
| Zinc | 11.49 ± 0.17 | 11 mg/day (men), 8 mg/day (women) | 104.5% (men), 143.6% (women) |
| Ratios | Values |
|---|---|
| Sodium/Potassium | 0.03 |
| Calcium/Phosphorus | 1.08 |
| Calcium/Magnesium | 2.00 |
| Vitamin | Average Content (mg/100 g) | RDI [35] | % of RDI per 100 g |
|---|---|---|---|
| Retinol (A) | 0.7 mg | 0.7 mg | 2.9% |
| Thiamin (B1) | 1.2 mg | 1.2 mg | 106.7% |
| Riboflavin (B2) | 1.2 mg | 1.2 mg | 119.2% |
| Niacin (B3) | 14 mg | 14 mg | 51.0% |
| Tocopherol (E) | 12 mg | 12 mg | 34.2% |
| Amino Acids | Values (±SD) |
|---|---|
| Isoleucine | 1.99± 0.04 |
| Leucine | 3.81 ± 0.09 |
| Lysine | 1.69 ± 0.01 |
| Methionine | 1.06 ± 0.03 |
| Phenylalanine | 1.21 ±0.03 |
| Tryptophan | 0.48 ±0.05 |
| Threonine | 1.17 ± 0.00 |
| Valine | 2.51 ± 0.01 |
| Histidine | 1.86 ± 0.05 |
| Cysteine | 0.86 ± 0.01 |
| Arginine | 1.37 ± 0.02 |
| Alanine | 2.98 ± 0.04 |
| Aspartic acid | 3.20 ± 0.01 |
| Glutamic acid | 4.59 ± 0.01 |
| Glycine | 4.63 ± 0.14 |
| Proline | 2.96 ± 0.05 |
| Serine | 1.46 ± 0.00 |
| Tyrosine | 6.55 ± 0.29 |
| Amino Acids | Reference WHO/FAO/UN [31] | Index Values for S. interrrupta |
|---|---|---|
| Threonine | 0.9 | 130 |
| Valine | 1.3 | 193.07 |
| Methionine + Cysteine | 1.7 | 129.94 |
| Isoleucine | 1.3 | 153.07 |
| Leucine | 1.9 | 200.52 |
| Tyrosine +Phenylalanine | 1.9 | 408.42 |
| Histidine | 1.6 | 116.25 |
| Lysine | 1.6 | 105.63 |
| * Tryptophan | 0.5 | 96 |
| Amino acid index | 100 | 96 |
| Fatty Acids | Percentage (± SD) |
|---|---|
| Lauric acid (C12:0) | 1.03 ± 0.02 |
| Isopalmitic acid (C16:0) | 34.09 ± 0.01 |
| Stearic acid(C18:0) | 9.12 ± 0.02 |
| Saturated fatty acids | 44.24 ± 0.03 |
| Oleic acid (Cl8:1) | 48.69 ± 0.02 |
| Linoleic acid (C18:2n 6) | 3.84 ± 0.00 |
| α-linolenic acid (C18:3) | 0.96± 0.01 |
| Unsaturated fatty acids | 54.45 ± 0.83 |
| Omega-6/Omega-3 | 4 |
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Badanaro, F.; Meyer-Rochow, V.B. Buprestid Beetles of Togo: Ecological, Sociocultural, and Nutritional Impacts of a High Quality Food Source. Insects 2026, 17, 320. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17030320
Badanaro F, Meyer-Rochow VB. Buprestid Beetles of Togo: Ecological, Sociocultural, and Nutritional Impacts of a High Quality Food Source. Insects. 2026; 17(3):320. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17030320
Chicago/Turabian StyleBadanaro, Fègbawè, and Victor Benno Meyer-Rochow. 2026. "Buprestid Beetles of Togo: Ecological, Sociocultural, and Nutritional Impacts of a High Quality Food Source" Insects 17, no. 3: 320. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17030320
APA StyleBadanaro, F., & Meyer-Rochow, V. B. (2026). Buprestid Beetles of Togo: Ecological, Sociocultural, and Nutritional Impacts of a High Quality Food Source. Insects, 17(3), 320. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17030320

