Development of the Citrus Longhorned Beetle Anoplophora chinensis (Cerambycidae: Coleoptera) on Artificial Diet and Chilling Effect on Their Life Cycle Completion
Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Insect Sources
2.2. Artificial Diet Preparation
| Ingredient | Supplier | Unit | Volume | Remark |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Distilled water | IS Chemical, Busan, Republic of Korea | mL | 900 | Solvent |
| Agar powder | Chemicals Duksan, Incheon, Republic of Korea | g | 30 | Gelling agent |
| Wheat germ | Bob’s Red Mill, Milwaukie, OR, USA | g | 65 | Proteins, lipids |
| Sucrose | Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA | g | 18 | Carbohydrates |
| Casein from bovine | Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA | g | 9.4 | Proteins, amino acids |
| Yeast extract | Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA | g | 25 | Proteins, amino acids |
| Cellulose powder 38 μm | Fujifilm Wako, Osaka, Japan | g | 121 | Fiber |
| Wesson salt | Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA | g | 0.9 | Mineral mix |
| Vitamin mix * | NOW Foods, Bloomingdale, IL, USA | capsule | 4 | Vitamins |
| Sodium benzoate | Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA | g | 2 | Preservative |
| Citric acid | Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA | g | 2 | Preservative |
| Sorbic acid | Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA | g | 1.6 | Preservative |
| Tetracycline | Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA | g | 0.2 | Antibiotic |
2.3. Development of A. chinensis Larvae on the Artificial Diet
2.4. Determining the Effect of Chilling Duration and Chilling Temperature on A. chinensis
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
| Ingredients | Amount per Capsule |
|---|---|
| Vitamin A (95% as Retinyl Palmitate and 5% as Beta-Carotene) | 1500 mcg |
| Vitamin C (as Ascorbic Acid) | 60 mg |
| Vitamin D (as Ergocalciferol) | 100 mcg (400 IU) |
| Vitamin E (as d-alpha Tocopheryl Succinate) | 20 mg |
| Vitamin K (as Phytonadione K-1) | 80 mcg |
| Thiamin (Vitamin B-1) (from Thiamin HCl) | 1.5 mg |
| Riboflavin (Vitamin B-2) | 1.7 mg |
| Niacin (Vitamin B-3) (as Niacinamide) | 20 mg |
| Vitamin B-6 (from Pyridoxine HCl) | 2 mg |
| Folate | 680 mcg DFE (400 mcg folic acid) |
| Vitamin B-12 (as Methylcobalamin) | 18 mcg |
| Biotin | 300 mcg |
| Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B-5) (from Calcium Pantothenate) | 10 mg |
| Calcium [from Calcium Carbonate (Aquamin® Seaweed Derived Minerals)] | 20 mg |
| Iodine (from Potassium Iodide) | 150 mcg |
| Magnesium (from Magnesium Oxide and Aquamin® Seaweed Derived Minerals) | 15 mg |
| Zinc (from Zinc Bisglycinate) (TRAACS™) | 10 mg |
| Selenium (from L-Selenomethionine) | 35 mcg |
| Copper (from Copper Bisglycinate) (TRAACS™) | 1 mg |
| Manganese (from Manganese Bisglycinate) (TRAACS™) | 2 mg |
| Chromium (from Chromium Picolinate) | 120 mcg |
| Molybdenum (from Sodium Molybdate) | 75 mcg |
| Potassium (from Potassium Chloride) | 10 mg |
| Organic Fruit & Veggie Blend (Organic Cauliflower, Organic Spinach, Organic Carrot, Organic Beet, Organic Tomato, Organic Blueberry, Organic Cranberry, Organic Cherry, Organic Raspberry and Organic Strawberry) | 50 mg |
| Lutein (from Marigold Flowers Extract) (Tagetes erecta) (FloraGLO®) | 100 mcg |
| Lycopene (from Tomato Extract) | 100 mcg |
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| Year | No. of Insects Collected | Location | Coordinates |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023 | 11 ♀ + 17 ♂ | Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea | 34.98° N, 127.49° E |
| 2024 | 15 ♀ + 10 ♂ | ||
| Total | 26 ♀ + 27 ♂ |
| Chill Period | No. of Larvae Chilled | Percent (%) | Sex Ratio (F:M) | Duration (Weeks) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Order | Duration (Weeks) | Temp. (°C) | Pupation | Emergence | Larva | Pupa | Total (Larva-Adult) | ||
| 1st | 12 | 10 | 39 | 7.7 | 100 | 1:0 | 32.67 ± 0.17 | 1.76 ± 0.05 | 34.43 ± 0.22 |
| 2nd | 12 | 10 | 31 | 12.9 | 100 | 1:0 | 53.68 ± 0.30 | 2.25 ± 0.12 | 55.93 ± 0.36 |
| 3rd | 16 | 10 | 15 | 60.0 | 100 | 1:0.8 | 85.24 ± 0.61 | 3.41 ± 0.16 | 88.65 ± 0.60 |
| Sex | Artificial Diet | Wild Population | p-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Weight (g) | n | Weight (g) | ||
| Female | 30 | 1.06 ± 0.02 | 15 | 1.28 ± 0.08 ** | 0.001 |
| Male | 18 | 0.67 ± 0.02 | 10 | 0.79 ± 0.06 * | 0.036 |
| Chilling Duration (Weeks) | No. of Larvae Chilled | Percent (%) | Sex Ratio (F:M) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mortality | Pupation | Emergence | |||
| 9 | 15 | 6.7 a | 0.0 a | - | - |
| 12 | 18 | 5.6 a | 16.7 ab | 100.0 | 1:0.5 |
| 14 | 20 | 10.0 a | 45.0 bc | 100.0 | 1:0.5 |
| 16 | 20 | 5.0 a | 55.0 cd | 100.0 | 1:0.83 |
| 19 | 18 | 16.7 a | 44.4 bc | 100.0 | 1:1 |
| Non-chill | 17 | 17.6 a | 5.9 a | 0.0 | - |
| Statistical values | χ2 = 2.785 df = 5 p = 0.73 | χ2 = 22.699 df = 5 p < 0.01 | |||
| Year | Chilling Temperature (°C) | No. of Larvae Chilled | Percent (%) | Sex Ratio (F:M) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mortality | Pupation | Emergence | ||||
| 2023 * (3rd chill) | 5 | 11 | 0.0 a | 0.0 a | - | - |
| 10 | 15 | 6.7 a | 60.0 b | 100.0 | 1:0.8 | |
| Statistical values | χ2 ≈ 0 df = 1 p ≈ 1 | χ2 = 9.207 df = 1 p = 0.002 | ||||
| 2024 (1st chill) | 5 | 20 | 15.0 a | 0.0 a | - | - |
| 10 | 20 | 5.0 a | 55.0 b | 100.0 | 1:0.83 | |
| Statistical values | χ2 = 0.27 df = 1 p = 0.605 | χ2 = 14.43 df = 1 p < 0.001 | ||||
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Nguyen, H.N.; Hong, K.-J. Development of the Citrus Longhorned Beetle Anoplophora chinensis (Cerambycidae: Coleoptera) on Artificial Diet and Chilling Effect on Their Life Cycle Completion. Insects 2026, 17, 285. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17030285
Nguyen HN, Hong K-J. Development of the Citrus Longhorned Beetle Anoplophora chinensis (Cerambycidae: Coleoptera) on Artificial Diet and Chilling Effect on Their Life Cycle Completion. Insects. 2026; 17(3):285. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17030285
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen, Hai Nam, and Ki-Jeong Hong. 2026. "Development of the Citrus Longhorned Beetle Anoplophora chinensis (Cerambycidae: Coleoptera) on Artificial Diet and Chilling Effect on Their Life Cycle Completion" Insects 17, no. 3: 285. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17030285
APA StyleNguyen, H. N., & Hong, K.-J. (2026). Development of the Citrus Longhorned Beetle Anoplophora chinensis (Cerambycidae: Coleoptera) on Artificial Diet and Chilling Effect on Their Life Cycle Completion. Insects, 17(3), 285. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17030285

