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Article

Checklist of the Tribe Eucosmini Obraztsov, 1946 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae) from Taiwan

by
Yinghui Sun
1,2,
John W. Brown
3,
Ming Liu
1,
Qiangcheng Zeng
1,* and
Houhun Li
2,4,5,*
1
College of Life Sciences, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
2
College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
3
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
4
College of Life and Geographic Sciences, Kashi University, Kashi 844000, China
5
Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecology of Pamirs Plateau, Kashi 844000, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Insects 2025, 16(8), 819; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080819
Submission received: 2 July 2025 / Revised: 4 August 2025 / Accepted: 5 August 2025 / Published: 7 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Systematics, Phylogeny and Evolution)
Versions Notes

Simple Summary

We provide a list of 53 species in 26 genera of the tortricid tribe Eucosmini from Taiwan, China. We examined 694 specimens collected from more than 60 sites between 1921 and 2005. The specimens examined are deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA (USNM), and the McGuire Center for Lepidoptera, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, Florida, USA (MGCL). This study is complementary to previous studies on the Taiwan tortricids and contributes to a comprehensive survey of Chinese Lepidoptera. It also provides basic data for systematic and biogeographic research on the world’s leaf-roller moths.

Abstract

This study presents an updated and detailed inventory of the tortricid tribe Eucosmini found in Taiwan Province, China, highlighting 26 genera and 53 species. Several taxonomic novelties were revealed: The genus Coenobiodes is newly recorded for Taiwan Province, Hermenias semicurva is newly reported for China, and six species are newly recorded for Taiwan. Most Eucosmini species in Taiwan are widespread in eastern Asia and/or the Palearctic, but 12 (23%) are endemic to Taiwan. Biogeographical distributions are provided for each species, and a list of the specimens examined is provided where applicable. These findings underscore Taiwan’s status as a biodiversity hotspot and offer crucial data for understanding regional and global biodiversity patterns.

1. Introduction

Tortricidae is the most species-rich family of the so-called microlepidoptera, with over 11,500 described species distributed worldwide [1]. The family includes some of the most economically important pests of fruit on the planet [2], and hence, is of considerable quarantine significance. The family comprises three subfamilies (i.e., Chlidanotinae, Olethreutinae, and Tortricinae) and 17 tribes, the monophyly of which has been demonstrated through molecular phylogenetic analyses [3,4].
The Tortricidae of Taiwan have received considerable attention [5,6], with Kawabe et al. listing 223 species. Razowski [7] added 12 more, bringing the total to 235, and most recently, Sun and co-authors [8,9,10,11,12] have described several new species and added new records to the known fauna.
Erected by Obraztsov in 1946 [13], the tortricid tribe Eucosmini (Olethreutinae) encompasses approximately 120 described genera and over 1500 species globally [1]. The tribe is present in every biogeographic region but appears to be most diverse in the Holarctic. Despite the fact that the tribe includes numerous agricultural and forestry pests, it remains understudied in East Asia. Prior to this investigation, 46 species distributed across 25 genera were known from Taiwan [5,6]. The purpose of this contribution is to update the knowledge of the tribe in Taiwan and present records of species new to the fauna, creating a new baseline for future investigations. The information presented herein will provide a more robust foundation for the conservation of tortricid biodiversity and contribute to the development of more effective management strategies for economically relevant tortricid species.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Area

Taiwan Province is an island in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between the East and South China Seas, located at the eastern edge of the Eurasian tectonic plate. It covers an area of approximately 35,808 km2, with high mountains in the eastern two-thirds, consisting primarily of five ranges extending parallel to the east coast, and low to rolling plains in the western one-third. Its position at the intersection of the tropical and subtropical zones creates a hot, wet climate throughout the year.

2.2. Collecting Methods and Specimens Examined

Adult moths were collected mainly at ultraviolet (UV) light and in UV bucket traps during multiple expeditions to Taiwan, primarily by Donald and Mignon Davis and John Heppner and H. Wang (ca. 1980–1990). However, a considerable number of specimens also were collected by Issiki in 1920–1930, Shibata in the 1970s, and Kawabe in the 1980s.

2.3. Depositories

The specimens examined in this study are systematically curated in two institutions: The National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA (USNM); and the McGuire Center for Lepidoptera, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, Florida, USA (MGCL). In addition to the examination of specimens, we scoured the published literature for records of Eucosmini from Taiwan.

2.4. Institutional Abbreviations

Institutional abbreviations employed in this study are defined for cross-reference clarity
AMNH—American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA
ANIC—Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Division of Entomology, Canberra, Australia
CMNH—Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
EIHU—Entomological Institute, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
MGCL—McGuire Center for Lepidoptera, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, Florida, USA
MCZ—Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
MGAB—Muzeul de Istorie Naturala Grigore Antipa, Bucharest, Romania
MNHN—Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
NHMB—Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, Switzerland
NHMUK—The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom [=formerly British Museum (Natural History)]
NMNS—National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan
OPU—Entomological Laboratory, Osaka Prefecture University (formerly University of Osaka Prefecture), Sakai, Japan
OUM—Hope Museum, Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford, United Kingdom
TD—Type depository
TL—Type locality
USNM—National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
ZIS—Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg (Leningrad), Russia (also ZMAS, ZIN, RAS)

3. Results

We document 53 species across 26 genera, including several taxonomic novelties. Notably, the genus Coenobiodes Kuznetzov, 1973, is newly recorded for Taiwan Province, while Hermenias semicurva (Meyrick, 1912) is newly reported for China. Additionally, six species are recorded from Taiwan for the first time: Coenobiodes acceptana Kuznetzov, 1973, Epiblema autolitha (Meyrick, 1931), Epinotia majorana (Caradja, 1916), Rhopobota antrifera (Meyrick, 1935), Spilonota albicana (Motschulsky, 1866), and Spilonota lechriaspis (Meyrick, 1932).
Most Eucosmini species recorded in Taiwan are fairly widespread throughout eastern Asia and/or the Palearctic region. However, 12 species (23%) appear to be endemic to Taiwan—Epiblema alishana, Epinotia fujisawai, Epinotia melanosticta, Epinotia monticola, Eucosma pentagonaspis, Heleanna melanomochla, Hermenias pilushina, Lepteucosma blandoides, Lepteucosma dasyueshanensis, Notocelia donaldana, Notocelia kurosawai, and Zeiraphera taiwana. The genera Epinotia, Lepteucosma, and Rhopobota are represented by the most species, with nine, four, and four, respectively. Additionally, two species—Crocidosema lantana and C. plebejana—are nearly cosmopolitan, distributed in many places around the globe.
No specimens of the following taxa attributed to the fauna of Taiwan were found during our investigations: Epinotia salicicolana Kuznetzov, 1968; Epinotia piceicola Kuznetzov, 1970; Eucosma pentagonaspis Meyrick, 1931; Hermenias pilushina Razowski, 2000; Kennelia albifacies (Walsingham, 1900); Lepteucosma blandoides Lu et Hsu, 2024; Lepteucosma ceriodes Meyrick, 1909; Lepteucosma dasyueshanensis Lu et Hsu, 2024; Peridaedala japonica Oku, 1979; and Rhopalovalva catharotorna (Meyrick, 1935). The absence of these species in our survey material underscores the fact that considerable effort remains before an inventory of the Eucosmini of Taiwan can be considered complete and comprehensive.
Below we present an annotated list of the Eucosmini, along with brief synonymies, material examined, host plants (when known), and geographic distribution.

3.1. Assulella Kuznetzov, 1973

Assulella Kuznetzov, 1973: 691. Type species: Eucosma litigiosa Meyrick, 1912.

Assulella litigiosa (Meyrick, 1912)

Eucosma litigiosa Meyrick, 1912: 867. TL: India, Assam, Khasi Hills. Holotype (male): NHMUK.
Eucosma litigosa Diakonoff, 1959: 55. [misspelling of litigiosa].
Assulella kuznetzovi Diakonoff, 1983: 23. TL: China, Li-Kilang. Holotype: MGAB, male.
Assulella lithocosma Diakonoff, 1983: 25. TL: Indonesia, Sumatra, Mt. Bandahara, Bivouac Four. Holotype: RMNH, male.
Peridaedala litigiosa (Meyrick): Kawabe, 1992: 108.
Material examined. 1 ♂, Chiai Hsien, Alishan, 2270 m, 8-10-VIII-1985, A. Kawabe; 2 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀, Chiai Hsien, Alishan, 2270 m, 8-10-VIII-1985, A. Kawabe; 1 ♀, Chiai Hsien, Alishan, 2270 m, 3-I-1986, H. Nakajima; 2 ♀♀, Hualien Hsien, Hohuanshan, 3100 m, 30-VII-1-VIII-1983, A. Kawabe; 1 ♂, Nantou Co., Mei-feng, 30 km S Tayuling, 2200 m, 1-8-VI-1980, D. R. Davis; 1 ♂, Taiwan: Tattaka, 19-VII-1925, S. Issiki; 1 ♀, Taiwan, S. Issiki. [USNM]. 1 ♀, Nantou Co., Meifeng, 2100 m, 6-9-IX-1988, J. Heppner; 4 ♂♂, Taichung Co., Chingshan, 1100 m, 31-VIII/4-IX-1988, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 3 ♂♂, Taichung Co., Chingshan, 2750 m, 25-X-1984, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, Hsinchu Co., Kuangwu For. Sta., 2000 m, 18-25-VIII-1988, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♀, Ilan Co., Taipingshan, 1900 m, 13-V-1989, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀, Taichung Co., Chingshan, 1100 m, 31-VIII/4-IX-1988, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♀, Taichung Co., Anmah-shan, 2250 m, 29-30-VIII-1988, J. Heppner & H. Wang. [MGCL].
Distribution. China (Guangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan), India and Indonesia.

3.2. Coenobiodes Kuznetzov, 1973

Coenobiodes Kuznetzov, 1973: 687. Type species: Coenobiodes acceptana Kuznetzov, 1973.
Remarks. No species in this genus had been recorded in Taiwan prior to this study.

Coenobiodes acceptana Kuznetzov, 1973

Coenobiodes acceptana Kuznetzov, 1973: 689. TL: Japan, Honshu, Rokksan, near Kobe. Holotype (male): MGAB.
Material examined. 1 ♂, Kaohsiung Co., Liukuei, Shanpin For., 750 m, 16-23-III-1990, J. Heppner & H. Wang. [MGCL]. (Adult Number: TORT12086 ♂, Genitalia Slide Number: YH-Sun FL190 ♂)
Distribution. China (Anhui, Guizhou, Taiwan, Zhejiang) and Japan.
Remarks. This species is recorded from Taiwan for the first time.

3.3. Crocidosema Zeller, 1847

Crocidosema Zeller, 1847: 721. Type species: Crocidosema plebejana Zeller, 1847.
Crocidosoma Walker, 1863: 279. [misspelling of Crocidosema].
Heligmocera Walsingham, 1892: 507. Type species: Heligmocera calvifrons Walsingham, 1891.
Parasuleima Clarke, 1965: 77. Type species: Crocidosema insulana Aurivillius, 1922.

3.3.1. Crocidosema lantana (Busck, 1910)

Crocidosema lantana Busck, 1910: 132. TL: Hawaiian Islands, Oahu, Tantalus. Holotype: USNM, male.
Epinotia lantana (Busck): Heinrich, 1923: 190.
Eucosma polyphaea Turner, 1926: 130.
Eucosma eridela Turner, 1946: 202.
Eucosma tornocosma Turner, 1946: 205.
Eucosma apicinota Turner, 1946: 206.
Eucosma perversa Turner, 1946: 207.
Eucosma phaedropa Turner, 1946: 209.
Material examined. 1 ♂, Taitung Hsien, Chihpen spa, 200 m, 28-III-1984, A. Kawabe. [USNM].
Host plants. Anonaceae: Annona muricata; Fabaceae: Parkinsonia aculeata L.; Lamiaceae: Mentha sp.; Verbenaceae: Lantana camara Linn.
Distribution. China (Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan), Australia, Mexico, Sri Lanka and the Americas.
Remarks. This species has been introduced to many places around the world for the control of weedy Lantana.

3.3.2. Crocidosema plebejana Zeller, 1847

Crocidosema plebejana Zeller, 1847: 721. TL: Sicily, Syracuse. Syntype (unknown sex): Unknown.
Penthina altheana Mann, 1855: 555. TL: Germany. Syntype(s) (unknown sex): Unknown.
Paedisca lavaterana Millière, 1863: 34. TL: France, Marseille. Syntype(s) (unknown sex): MNHN.
Grapholitha peregrinana Möschler, 1866: 139. TL: France, Nice. Syntype(s) (unknown sex): Unknown.
Steganoptycha obscura Wollaston, 1879: 341.
Crocidosema plebeiana Meyrick, 1881: 659. [misspelling of plebejana].
Proteopteryx blackburnii Butler, 1881: 393. TL: Hawaiian Islands, Maui. Syntype(s) (unknown sex): NHMUK.
Grapholitha excitana Möschler, 1890: 333. TL: Puerto Rico. Syntype(s) (unknown sex): Unknown.
Crocidosema ptiladelpha Meyrick, 1917: 18. TL: Peru, Lima. Lectotype (male): NHMUK.
Crocidosema insulana Aurivillius, 1922: 267.
Crocidosema synneurota Meyrick, 1926: 276.
Eucosma charmera Turner, 1946: 202. TL: Australia, New South Wales, Ebor. Lectotype (male): ANIC.
Eucosma tornocycla Turner, 1946: 210. TL: Australia, Queensland, Eungella. Lectotype (female): ANIC.
Crocidosema iris Diakonoff, 1984: 389. TL: Indonesia, West Sumba, Rua. Holotype (male): NHMB.
Crocidosema bostrychodes Diakonoff, 1992: 46. TL: Madagascar, Sambiano, Nosy Be. Holotype (male): MNHN.
Material examined. 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Pintung Hsien, Kenting Park, 100 m, 26-27-III-1984, A. Kawabe; 1 ♂, Taihoku, 28-X-1923, S. Issiki. [USNM].
1 ♂, Pingtung Co., Kenting Park, 255 m, 23-28-IV-1989, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♀, Pingtung Co., Kenting Park, 50 m, 1-5-IX-1983, J. Heppner; 1 ♀, Pingtung Co., Kenting Park, 255 m, 9-15-III-1990, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Nantou Co., Tungpu, 1150 m, 1-VII-1985, J. Heppner & H. Wang. [MGCL].
Host plants. Apiaceae: Foeniculum piperatum A. P. de Candolle; Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita pepo L.; Malvaceae: Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench, Abutilon avicennae Gaertn., A. indicum (Torner) Sweet, Althaea rosea (L.) Cav., Anoda cristata (L.) Slecht, Gossypium sp., Lavatera arborea L., Hibiscus militaris Cav., H. rosa-sinensis L., Kosteletzkya althaeifolia (Champ.) A. Gray, Malva parviflora L., Malvastrum sp., Malvaviscus sp., Sida rhombifolia L., S. cordifolia L.; Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus sp.; Rosaceae: Crataegus sp.; Salicaceae: Salix safsaf Forsk.; Turneraceae: Turnera ulmifolia L.
Distribution. China (Taiwan), the Americas, Australia, Europe, India, Iran, Japan and North Africa. This species is a common pest of cotton in many places.
Remarks. Recent molecular studies indicate that C. plebejana, as currently circumscribed, may represent up to four different cryptic species [14].

3.4. Emrahia Kocak, 1981

Emrahia Kocak, 1981: 120. [replacement name for Scoliographa].
Scoliographa Diakonoff, 1975: 312. Type species: Argyroploce hoplista Meyrick, 1927. [preoccupied].

Emrahia hoplista (Meyrick, 1927)

Argyroploce hoplista Meyrick, 1927: 340. TL: Indonesia, Sumatra, Sinabaeng. Lectotype (male): NHMUK.
Scoliographa hoplista (Meyrick): Kawabe, 1992: 108.
Emrahia hoplista (Meyrick): Brown, 2005: 271.
Material examined. 1 ♂, Taihoku, VI-1921, S. Issiki; 1 ♀, Taihoku, 5-X-1933, S. Issiki; 1 ♀, Taihoku, 6-X-1933, S. Issiki; 1 ♂, Taiwan: Tipononsen, E-X-1936, S. Issiki; 1 ♀, Taiwan: Taihoku, 23-VI-1935, S. Issiki. [USNM].
Host plants. Acanthaceae: Barleria sp.; Lamiaceae: Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton.
Distribution. China (Taiwan), Indonesia, Thailand, Japan and Sumatra.

3.5. Epiblema Hübner, [1825]1816

Epiblema Hübner, [1825]1816: 375. Type species: Phalaena (Tinea) foenella Linnaeus, 1758.
Epiblemma Hübner, [1825]1816: 63. [misspelling of Epiblema].
Cacochroea Lederer, 1859: 331. Type species: Paedisca grandaevana Lienig et Zeller, 1846.
Monosphragis Clemens, 1860: 354. Type species: Monosphragis otiosana Clemens, 1860.
Euryptychia Clemens, 1865: 140. Type species: Euryptychia saligneana Clemens, 1865.
Eurytychia Heinrich, 1923: 137. [misspelling of Euryptychia].

3.5.1. Epiblema alishana Kawabe, 1986

Epiblema alishana Kawabe, 1986: 82. TL: Taiwan, Chiai Hsien, Alishan. Holotype (male): USNM.
Material examined. Holotype: ♂, (Alishan) Chiai Hsien, Formosa, 7-VIII-1971, Y. Shibata. Paratype: 1 ♂, (Alishan) Chiai Hsien, Formosa, 2300 m, 8-VIII-1974, Y. Shibata. [USNM].
Distribution. China (Taiwan).

3.5.2. Epiblema autolitha (Meyrick, 1931)

Eucosma autolitha Meyrick, 1931: 145. TL: Japan, Honshu, Hashimoto. Holotype (male): NHMUK.
Epiblema autolitha (Meyrick): Nasu, 1980: 33.
Notocelia autolitha (Meyrick): Kawabe, 1982: 133.
Material examined. 1 ♀, Taichung Co., Chingshan, 1100 m, 31-VIII/4-IX-1988, J. Heppner & H. Wang. [MGCL]. (Adult Number: TORT12074 ♀, Genitalia Slide Number: YH-Sun FL181 ♀)
Host plant. Lauraceae: Tachilus thunbergii Sieb. et Zucc.
Distribution. China (Anhui, Beijing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jilin, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Tianjin, Zhejiang), Japan and Korea.
Remarks. This species is recorded for the first time in Taiwan.

3.5.3. Epiblema foenella (Linnaeus, 1758)

Epiblema foenella (Linnaeus): Kennel, 1921: 583.
Phalaena (Tinea) foenella Linnaeus, 1758: 536. TL: Europe. Syntype(s) (unknown sex): Unknown.
Epiblema foenella ab. accentana Caradja, 1916: 67. TL: Russia, Khabarovsky Krai, Radd. Lectotype (male): MGAB.
Epiblema foenella form acclivella Uffeln, 1912: 136. TL: Europe. Syntype(s) (unknown sex): Unknown.
Epiblema foenella ab. albrechtella Meyer, 1911: 95. TL: Europe. Syntype(s) (unknown sex): Unknown.
Epiblema foenella ab. circumflexana Caradja, 1916: 67. TL: Russia, Khabarovsky Krai, Radd. Lectotype (male): MGAB.
Grapholita clavigerana Walker, 1863: 389. TL: China, Shanghai. Holotype (male): NHMUK.
Epiblema foenella form effusana Uffeln, 1912: 136. TL: Russia, Amur. Syntype(s): (unknown sex): Unknown.
Ephippiphora faeneana Guenée, 1845: 176. [misspelling of foenella].
Epiblema focnella Escherich, 1931: 341. [misspelling of foenella].
Tortrix foenana Haworth, 1811[1812]: 439. [misspelling of foenella].
Paedisca foeneana Treitschke, 1830: 106. [misspelling of foenella].
Phalaena fonella Zeller, 1853: 208. [misspelling of foenella].
Epiblema foenella form fracta Popescu-Gorj, 1965: 166. TL: Romania. Holotype (male): MGAB.
Phalaena hochenwartiana Scopoli, 1772: 117. TL: Europe. Syntype(s) (unknown sex): Unknown.
Pyralis pflugiana Fabricius, 1787: 227. TL: Denmark. Syntype(s) (unknown sex): Unknown.
Tortrix scopoliana Denis et Schiffermüller, 1775: 129. TL: Austria. Syntype(s) (unknown sex): Unknown.
Epiblema foenella ab. separana Krulikowsky, 1908: 18. TL: Russia. Syntype(s) (unknown sex): Unknown.
Sciaphila sinicana Walker, 1863: 347. TL: China, Shanghai. Holotype (male): NHMUK.
Phalaena (Tortrix) tibialana Hübner, 1793: 12. TL: Europe. Syntype(s) (unknown sex): Unknown.
Epiblema foenella form trapezoidalis Popescu-Gorj, 1965: 166. TL: Romania. Holotype (male): MGAB.
Epiblema foenella form unicolor Uffeln, 1912: 136. TL: Europe. Holotype (unknown sex): Unknown.
Grapholitha foenella ab. unicolorana Klemensiewicz, 1900: 187. TL: Europe. Syntype(s) (unknown sex): ISEZ.
Material examined. 1 ♂, Hualien Co., Kuyuan, Taroko Gorge, 750 m, 6-7-VII-2005, J. Heppner. [MGCL].
Host plants. Asteraceae: Artemisia argyi Lévl. et Vant., A. vulgaris L., Centaurea sp., Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.; Poaceae: Phragmites communis Trin. The last seems somewhat unlikely.
Distribution. China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, Shandong, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Tianjin, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Central Asia, India, Japan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia (Far East), South Korea and Thailand.

3.6. Epinotia Hübner, [1825]1816

Acalla Hübner, [1825]1816: 383. Type species: Tortrix ophthalmicana Hübner, [1796,1797,1798,1799].
Astatia Hübner, [1825]1816: 377. Type species: Tortrix parmatana Hübner, [1814,1815,1816,1817].
Asthenia Hübner, [1825]1816: 381. Type species: Tortrix pygmaeana Hübner, [1796,1797,1798,1799].
Cartella Guenée, 1845: 174. Type species: Tortrix cretaceana Frölich, 1828.
Ccalla Caradja, 1916: 86. [misspelling of Acalla].
Curtella Stainton, 1859: 201. [misspelling of Cartella].
Epinotia Hübner, [1825]1816: 377.
Epinotis Kearfott, 1907: 51. [misspelling of Epinotia].
Evertia Matsumura, 1931: 1070. [misspelling of Evetria].
Evetria Hübner, [1825]1816: 378. Type species: Tortrix piceana Hübner, [1796,1797,1798,1799].
Griselda Heinrich, 1923: 186. Type species: Griselda radicana Heinrich, 1923.
Hamuligera Obraztsov, 1946: 31. Type species: Phalaena trimaculana Donovan, [1806].
Hikagehamakia Oku, 1974: 115. Type species: Hikagehamakia albiguttata Oku, 1974.
Hypermecia Guenée, 1845: 173. Type species: Tortrix augustana Hübner, [1811,1812,1813].
Lithographia Stephens, 1852: 32. Type species: Phalaena nisella Clerck, 1759.
Neurasthenia Pierce et Metcalfe, 1922: 65. Type species: Tortrix pygmaeana Hübner, [1796,1797,1798,1799].
Paedisca Treitschke, 1830: 188. Type species: Tortrix parmatana Hübner, [1814,1815,1816,1817].
Pamplasia Desmarest, 1857: 224. [misspelling of Pamplusia].
Pamplusia Guenée, 1845: 180. Type species: Coccyx monticolana Duponchel, 1842.
Panoplia Hübner, [1825]1816: 293. Type species: Tortrix augustana Hübner, [1811,1812,1813].
Paragrapha Sodoffsky, 1837: 92. [unnecessary replacement name for Paedisca].
Phlaeodes Guenée, 1845: 172. Type species: Tortrix frutetana Hübner, [1823,1824].
Podisca Guenée, 1845: 174. [misspelling of Paedisca].
Poecilochroma Stephens, 1829: 47. Type species: Phalaena (Tortrix) solandriana Linnaeus, 1758.
Proteopteryx Walsingham, 1879: 68. Type species: Proteopteryx emarginana Walsingham, 1879.
Steganoptera Herrich-Schäffer, 1851: 133. [misspelling of Steganoptycha].
Steganoptycha Stephens, 1829: 47. Type species: Pyralis boeberana Fabricius, 1787.
Type species: Phalaena (Tortrix) similana Hübner, 1793.

3.6.1. Epinotia bicolor (Walsingham, 1900)

Pelatea bicolor Walsingham, 1900: 335 TL: Japan/India, Assam, Naga Hills. Syntypes (male, female): NHMUK.
Epinotia bicolor (Walsingham): Kawabe, 1982: 123.
Material examined. 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Nantou Hsien, Nanshanshi, 25-VII-1983, A. Kawabe. [USNM].
1 ♀, Nantou Co., 15 km E of Puli, 700 m, 6-V-1989, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♀, Ilan Co., 5 km N. Nanao, 100 m, 11-13-X-1984, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♂, Taitung Co., Bishan Hot Spgs., 720 m, 26-29-X-1984, J. Heppner & H. Wang. [MGCL]
Host plants. Fagaceae: Quercus serrata Thunb., Q. acutissima Carruth., Q. phillyreoides A. Gray, Q. glauca Thunb.; Pinaceae: Pinus pumila (Pall.) Regel. The last, reported by Suzuki & Komai (1984), is unusual.
Distribution. China (Fujian, Gansu, Gui-zhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Tianjin), Korea Japan, India and Vietnam.

3.6.2. Epinotia fujisawai Kawabe, 1993

Epinotia fujisawai Kawabe, 1993: 237. TL: Taiwan, Nantou Hsien, Lushan Spa. Holotype (male): USNM.
Material examined. Holotype: ♂, Nantou Hsien, Lushan spa, 1200 m, 7-8-VI-1988, K. Fujisawa. Paratypes: 2 ♀♀, Hualien Hsien, Tayuling, 2560 m, 12-VI-1988, K. Fujisawa. [USNM].
1 ♂, Hualien Hsien, Tayuling, 2560 m, 12-VI-1988, K. Fujisawa; 1 ♀, Nantou Co., Tayuling, 2500 m, 9-18-VI-1980, D. R. Davis. [USNM].
Distribution. China (Taiwan).

3.6.3. Epinotia majorana (Caradja, 1916)

Gypsonoma majorana Caradja, 1916: 61. TL: Russia, Far East, Khabarovsky Krai, Radde. Lectotype: MGAB.
Eucosma leucantha Meyrick, 1931: 145. TL: Japan, Honshu, Tokyo Prefecture. Holotype (female): NHMUK.
Epinotia leucantha Issiki, 1957: 59.
Epinotia majorana (Caradja), Razowski, 1971: 521.
Material examined. 1 ♀, Taihoku, E-III-1927, S. Issiki; 1 ♂, Taihoku, VI-1921, S. Issiki; 1 ♀, Taihoku, 6-IV-1946, S. Issiki; 1 ♀, Kao Hsiung Co., 1–2 km W Meishan, 870 m, 29-VI-2-VII-1980, D. R. Davis. [USNM]. (Adult Number: Sun-153 ♂, Genitalia Slide Numbers: USNM144429 ♂, USNM144430 ♀)
Host plants. Apiaceae: Daucus carota L., Heracleum moellendorfii Hance; Betulaceae: Betula dahurica Pall.
Distribution. China (Taiwan), Japan, Korea and Russia.
Remarks. This species is recorded for the first time in Taiwan.

3.6.4. Epinotia melanosticta (Wileman et Stringer, 1929)

Eucosma melanosticta Wileman et Stringer, 1929: 67. TL: Formosa [Taiwan], Arizan. Holotype (male): NHMUK.
Epinotia melanosticta (Wileman et Stringer): Kawabe, 1992: 107.
Material examined. 4 ♂♂, Nantou Co., Tayuling, 2500 m, 9-18-VI-1980, D. R. Davis; 4 ♂♂, Nantou Co., Mei-feng, 30 km S Tayuling, 2200 m, 1-8-VI-1980, D. R. Davis; 1 ♀, Hassenzan, 6-VI-1942, A. Mutuura. [USNM].
1 ♂, Taiwan: Hassenzan, 6-VI-1942, A. Mutuura; 2 ♂♂, Nantou Co., Tayuling, 2570 m, 15-18-VI-1982, J. Heppner; 1 ♂, Hualien Co., Kuyuan, Taroko Gorge, 750 m, 6-7-VII-2005, J. Heppner. [MGCL].
Distribution. China (Taiwan).

3.6.5. Epinotia monticola Kawabe, 1993

Epinotia monticola Kawabe, 1993: 238. TL: Taiwan, Hualien Hsien, Hohuanshan. Holotype (male): USNM.
Material examined. Holotype: ♂, Hualien Hsien, Hohuanshan, 3100 m, 10-11-VI-1988, K. Fujisawa. [USNM].
Distribution. China (Taiwan).

3.6.6. Epinotia piceicola Kuznetzov, 1970

Epinotia piceicola Kuznetzov, 1970: 437. [replacement name for piceae]
Epinotia (Steganoptycha) piceae Kuznetzov, 1968: 569. TL: Russia, Kuril Islands, Kunashir Island, near Sernovodsk. Holotype (male): ZISP. [preoccupied].
Host plant. Pinaceae: Abies mariesii Mast., Abies sachalinensis (F. Schmidt) Mast., Picea glehnii (F. Schmidt) Mast., Picea jezoensis (Siebold et Zucc.) Carriere.
Distribution. China (Taiwan), Japan and Russia.

3.6.7. Epinotia rasdolnyana (Christoph, 1881)

Steganoptycha rasdolnyana Christoph, 1881: 427. TL: Russia, Primorsky Krai, Vladi-vostok. Syntype(s) (unknown sex): Unknown.
Epinotia rasdolniana (Christoph): Kennel, 1916: 498. [misspelling of rasdolnyana].
Epinotia rasdolnyana (Christoph): Issiki, 1957: 59.
Material examined. 1 ♂, 8 ♀♀, Nantou Hsien, Tsuifeng, 2400 m, 29-XII-1989, A. Kawabe; 1 ♂, Chiai Hsien, Alishan, 2270 m, 3-I-1986, H. Nakajima. [USNM].
Host plants. Aceraceae: Acer pictum Thunb. et Murray, A. ukurunduense Trautv. et Mey.
Distribution. China (Northeast Part, Taiwan), Japan, Korea and Russia.

3.6.8. Epinotia rubricana (Kuznetzov, 1968)

Epinotia (Steganoptycha) rubricana Kuznetzov, 1968: 575. TL: Russia, Primorsky Krai, near Vladivostok. Holotype (female): ZISP.
Epinotia rubricana (Kuznetzov): Kawabe, 1970: 204.
Material examined. 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, Nantou Hsien, Lushan spa, 1200 m, 27-29-VII-1983, A. Kawabe; 4 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, Nantou Co., Tayuling, 2500 m, 9-18-VI-1980, D. R. Davis; 2 ♂♂, Nantou Hsien, Tsingjing Farm, 1900 m, 9-VI-1988, K. Fujisawa; 2 ♂♂, Nantou Hsien, Lushan spa, 1200 m, 3-5-VIII-1985, A. Kawabe; 1 ♂, Nantou Hsien, Lushan spa, 1200 m, 7-8-VI-1988, K. Fujisawa; 1 ♀, Hualien Hsien, Wenshan spa, 580 m, 4-5-VIII-1983, A. Kawabe; 1 ♀, Funki-ko, 26-VIII-1968, M. Saikawa; 1 ♀, Rozan spa, Formosa, 27-VIII-1969, H. Nakajima; 1 ♀, Hualien Hsien, Kuanyuan, 2400 m, 7-8-VIII-1987, A. Kawabe; 1 ♂, (Lishan) Taichung Hsien, Formosa, 9-VIII-1974, Y. Kishida; 1 ♂, Syorei, 12-VIII-1948, A. Mutuura; 1 ♂, Tattaka, 19-VII-1925, S. Issiki; 1 ♂, S. Issiki; 1 ♂, Taihoku, 1-VI-1921, S. Issiki. [USNM].
1 ♂, 4 ♀♀, Hsinchu Co., Kuangwu For. Sta., 2000 m, 18-25-VIII-1988, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 8 ♂♂, Hsinchu/Miaoli Kuangwu, 2000 m, 24-25-VI-1985, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♂, Nantou Co., Tayuling, 2570 m, 10-14-VI-1982, J. Heppner; 2 ♂♂, Hualien Co., Kuyuan, Taroko Gorge, 750 m, 6-7-VII-2005, J. Heppner; 1 ♀, Taoyuan Co., Upper Palin, 1350 m, 4-5-VI-2005, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 46 ♂♂, 26 ♀♀, Kaohsiung Co., Tienchih, 2210 m, 24-X-1984, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 28 ♂♂, 15 ♀♀, Taichung Co., Chingshan, 2750 m, 25-X-1984, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♂, Kaohsiung Co., Tienchih, Yushan N.P., 2280 m, 7-VII-1996, J. Heppner & H. Wang. [MGCL].
Distribution. China (Taiwan), Japan, Korea and Russia.

3.6.9. Epinotia salicicolana Kuznetzov, 1968

Epinotia salicicolana Kuznetzov, 1968: 577. TL: Russia, Kuril Islands, Kunashir, near Sernovodsk. Holotype (male): ZISP.
Host plants. Salicaceae: Salix caprea L., S. sachalinensis Fr. Schm.
Distribution. China (Shaanxi, Taiwan), Japan and Russia.

3.7. Eucosma Hübner, 1823

Eucosma Hübner, 1823: 28. Type species: Tortrix circulana Hübner, 1823.
Catoptria Guenée, 1845: 187. Type species: Phalaena pupillana Clerck, 1759. [preoccupied].
Calosetia Stainton, 1859: 271. Type species: Tortrix nigromaculana Haworth, 1811[1812].
Pygolopha Lederer, 1859: 123. Type species: Pygolopha trinacriana Lederer, 1859.
Affa Walker, 1863: 202. Type species: Affa bipunctella Walker, 1863.
Exentera Grote, 1877: 227. Type species: Exentera aprilana Grote, 1877.
Exenterella Grote, 1883: 23. [unnecessary replacement name for Exentera].
Palpocrinia Kennel, 1919: 66. Type species: Palpocrinia ottoniana Kennel, 1919.
Ascelodes Fletcher, 1929: 25. [nomen nudum].

3.7.1. Eucosma notanthes Meyrick, 1936

Eucosma notanthes Meyrick, 1936: 610. TL: Taiwan, Kagi. Holotype (female): NHMUK.
Cydia notanthes (Meyrick): Kawabe, 1992: 108.
Material examined. 1 ♂, Kagi, 20-IV-1931, T. Shiraki. [USNM].
1 ♂, Kaohsiung Co., Liukuei, Shanpin For., 750 m, 29-IV/3-V-1989, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♀, Pingtung Co., Kenting Park, 255 m, 23-28-IV-1989, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♀, Ilan Co., Chilan Nsy., Tuchan, 480 m, 15-17-X-1984, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♀, Pingtung Co., Kenting Park, 50 m, 1-5-IX-1983, J. Heppner; 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, Hualien Co., Tien Hsiang, 435 m, 25-VIII-1983, J. Heppner. [MGCL].
Host plants. Elaeocarpaceae: Elaeocarpus serratus L.; Oxalidaceae: Averrhoa carambola. This species, known as the carambola or starfruit borer, is of quarantine significance.
Distribution. China (Taiwan) and Japan.

3.7.2. Eucosma pentagonaspis Meyrick, 1931

Eucosma pentagonaspis Meyrick, 1931: 144. TL: China, Taiwan. Holotype (male): NHMUK.
Distribution. China (Taiwan).

3.8. Fibuloides Kuznetzov, 1997

Fibuloides Kuznetzov, 1997. Type species: Fibuloides modificana Kuznetzov, 1997.

3.8.1. Fibuloides corinthia (Meyrick, 1912)

Acroclita corinthia Meyrick, 1912: 858. TL: Sri Lanka, Maskeliya. Lectotype (male): NHMUK.
Fibuloides corinthia (Meyrick): Horak, 2006: 330.
Fibuloides nigrovenana (Kuznetzov): Horak, 2006: 330.
Material examined. 8 ♂♂, 12 ♀♀, Chiai Hsien, Fenchihu, 1400 m, 11-12-VIII-1985, A. Kawabe; 2 ♂♂, 9 ♀♀, Nantou Hsien, Lushan spa, 1200 m, 3-5-VIII-1985, A. Kawabe; 2 ♂♂, Nantou Hsien, Lushan spa, 1200 m, 9-10-VIII-1987, A. Kawabe; 1 ♀, Chiai Hsien, Alishan, 2270 m, 8-10-VIII-1985, A. Kawabe; 1 ♂, Hualien Hsien, Hungyeh spa, 200 m, 29-30-III-1984, A. Kawabe; 1 ♂, Miaoli Hsien, Hernglong Lodge, 550 m, nr Taian spa, 550 m, 8-VIII-1983, A. Kawabe; 1 ♀, Hualien Hsien, Wenshan spa, 580 m, 4-5-VIII-1983, A. Kawabe; 1 ♂, Kagi, 11-IV-1935, S. Issiki; 1 ♀, Kagi, 24-X-1934, S. Issiki; 1 ♂, Nantou Hsien, Lushan spa, 1200 m, 7-8-VI-1988, K. Fujisawa; 1 ♂, Nantou Hsien, Lushan spa, 1200 m, 3-5-VIII-1985, A. Kawabe; 1 ♂, Chiai Hsien, Fenchihu, 1400 m, 11-12-VIII-1985, A. Kawabe; 1 ♂, Nantou Hsien, Wushe, 1150 m, 1-V-1990, A. Kawabe; 1 ♂, Nantou Hisen, Lushan Spa, 1250 m, 30-IV-1990, A. Kawabe. [USNM].
1 ♂, Taitung Co., Yakou, 2750 m, 25-X-1984, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 2 ♂♂, 13 ♀♀, Taichung Co., Chingshan, 1100 m, 31-VIII/4-IX-1988, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♀, Hualien County, Tien Shien, 220 m, 5-7-VIII-1992, J. Heppner; 1 ♀, Hsinchu/Miaoli Kuangwu, 2000 m, 24-25-VI-1985, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Taichung Co., Chingshan, 1100 m, 8-11-V-1989, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♂, Taitung Co., Bishan Hot Spgs., 720 m, 26-29-X-1984, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♂, Nantou Co., 5 km N. Chitou, 500 m, 29-VI-1985, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♂, Kaohsiung Co., Lukuei For. Sta., 750 m, 29-IV/3-V-1989, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♀, Ilan Co., Tuchan, 480 m, 1-2-VII-1982, J. Heppner; 3 ♀♀, Taitung Co., Bishan Hot Spgs., 720 m, 26-29-X-1984, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 2 ♀♀, Ilan Co., Chilan Nsy., Tuchan, 480 m, 15-17-X-1984, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♀, Nantou Co., Meifeng, 2100 m, 6-9-IX-1988, J. Heppner; 1 ♀, Ilan Co., Taipingshan, 1900 m, 13-V-1989, J. Heppner & H. Wang. [MGCL].
Host plant. Sapindaceae: Litchi chinensis Sonn.
Distribution. China (Taiwan), Japan, Sri Lanka and Vietnam.

3.8.2. Fibuloides japonica (Kawabe, 1978)

Eucoenogenes japonica Kawabe, 1978: 185. TL: Japan, Honshu, Gunma Prefecture, Mt. Mikaboyama. Holotype (male): USNM.
Fibuloides japonica (Kawabe): Horak 2006: 330.
Material examined. 1 ♂, (Suchungchi) Pingtung-Hsien, 10-VIII-1971, Y. Shibata; 1 ♂, Nantou Hsien, Nanshanchi, 25-26-VII-1983, A. Kawabe. [USNM].
2 ♂♂, Nantou Co., Tungpu, 1150 m, 1-VII-1985, J. Heppner & H. Wang. [MGCL].
Distribution. China (Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Zhejiang), Japan and Korea.

3.9. Gibberifera Obraztsov, 1946

Gibberifera Obraztsov, 1946: 35. Type species: Penthina simplana Fischer von Roslerstamm, 1836.
Gibberelifera Byun et Park, 1994: 163. [misspelling of Gibberifera].

3.9.1. Gibberifera glaciata (Meyrick, 1907)

Cydia glaciata Meyrick, 1907: 143. TL: India, Assam, Khasi Hills. Lectotype (male): NHMUK.
Eucosma glaciata (Meyrick): Clarke, 1958: 364.
Gibberifera simplana glaciata: Diakonoff, 1964: 24.
Gibberifera glaciata (Meyrick): Kawabe et Nasu, 1994: 85.
Material examined. 3 ♀♀, Tayuling, Hualien Hsien, 28-VII-1985, Y. Kishida; 1 ♀, Hualien Hsien, Kuanyuan, 2400 m, 7-8-VIII-1987, A. Kawabe; 1 ♀, Hualien Hsien, Wenshan spa, 580 m, 4-5-VIII-1983, A. Kawabe; 1 ♂, Nantou Co., Tayuling, 2500 m, 9-18-VI-1980, D. R. Davis. [USNM].
1 ♂, Nantou Co., Tayuling, 2570 m, 10-14-VI-1982, J. Heppner; 1 ♂, Nantou Co., Meifeng, 2100 m, 6-9-IX-1988, J. Heppner; 1 ♂, Nantou Co., Meifeng, 2100 m, 6-9-IX-1988, J. Heppner. [MGCL].
Host plants. Salicaceae: Populus ciliata (Wall.) et Royle, Salix sp.
Distribution. China (Guizhou, Henan, Hunan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan), India, Nepal, Pakistan and Thailand.

3.9.2. Gibberifera simplana (Fischer Von Röslerstamm, 1835)

Penthina simplana Fischer von Röslerstamm, 1836: 38. TL: Czech Republic, near Reichstadt. Holotype (unknown sex): Unknown.
Gibberifera simplana (Fischer von Röslerstamm): Obraztsov, 1946: 26.
Material examined. 1 ♀, Taiwan: Pianan-anbu, 10-VIII-1943, A. Mutuura. [USNM].
1 ♀, Nantou Co., Meifeng, 2100 m, 6-9-IX-1988, J. Heppner. [MGCL].
Host plants. Salicaceae: Populus tremula L., Salix sp.
Distribution. China (Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jilin, Shaanxi, Taiwan), Europe, Japan, Korea and Russia.

3.10. Gypsonoma Meyrick, 1895

Gypsonoma Meyrick, 1895: 481. Type species: Tortrix dealbana Frölich, 1828.

Gypsonoma attrita Falkovitsh, 1965

Gypsonoma attrita Falkovitsh, 1965: 431. TL: Russia, Primorsky Krai, Ussuriysk. Holotype (male): ZISP.
Material examined. 1 ♂, [Mount] Arisan, X-1925, S. Issiki; 1 ♂, Musha, 18-V-15-VI-1919, T. Okuni, J. Sonan; 1 ♀, Tattaka, 8-VII-1943, S. Issiki; 7 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀, Nantou Co., Tayuling, 2500 m, 9-18-VI-1980, D. R. Davis; 1 ♂, Chiai Hsien, Alishan, 2270 m, 8-10-VIII-1985, A. Kawabe; 1 ♀, Hualien Hsien, Hohuanshan, 3100 m, 30-VII-1-VIII-1983, A. Kawabe. [USNM]. 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀, Nantou Co., Tayuling, 2570 m, 5-9-VI-1982, J. Heppner; 4 ♂♂, Nantou Co., Tayuling, 2570 m, 10-14-VI-1982, J. Heppner. [MGCL].
Distribution. China (Taiwan), Japan and Russia.

3.11. Heleanna Clarke, 1976

Heleanna Clarke, 1976: 11. Type species: Rhopobota physalodes Meyrick, 1910.

Heleanna melanomochla (Meyrick, 1936)

Acroclita melanomochla Meyrick, 1936: 24. TL: Formosa [Taiwan], Heito. Lectotype (male): NHMUK.
Heleanna melanomochla (Meyrick): Brown, 2005: 377.
Material examined. 1 ♂, Suiryuto, 12-X-1935, S. Issiki; 1 ♂, Taihoku, 18-V-1935, S. Issiki; 1 ♂, Heito, 11-IV-1935, S. Issiki; 1 ♂, Heito, 14-IV-1935, S. Issiki; 1 ♂, Taihoku, 20-X-1935, S. Issiki. [USNM].
3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, Taipei Co., Wulai, 200 m, 17-19-VI-1985, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♂, Ilan Co., Mingchyr Rec. Area, 1250 m, 9-10-VII-1996, J. Heppner & H. Wang. [MGCL].
Host plant. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica L.
Distribution. China (Taiwan).

3.12. Hendecaneura Walsingham, 1900

Hendecaneura Walsingham, 1900: 401. Type species: Hendecaneura impar Walsingham, 1900.
Eucosmodes Kuznetzov, 1973: 689. Type species: Eucosma axiotima Meyrick, 1937.

Hendecaneura axiotima (Meyrick, 1937)

Eucosma axiotima Meyrick, 1937: 178. TL: China, Yunnan Province, Likiang. Lectotype (male): NHMUK.
Hendecaneura axiotima (Meyrick): Razowski, 1989: 289.
Material examined. 1 ♂, Tayuling, Hualien Hsien, A-X-1926, Y. Kishida; 1 ♂, Nantou Co., Tayuling, 2500 m, 9-18-VI-1980, D. R. Davis; 1 ♀, Mt. Foufuanshan, 3100 m, 8-VIII-1974, Y. Kishida. [USNM].
2 ♀♀, Taitung Co., Yakou, 2750 m, 25-X-1984, J. Heppner & H. Wang. [MGCL].
Distribution. China (Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Xizang), India and Nepal.

3.13. Hermenias Meyrick, 1911

Hermenias Meyrick, 1911: 225. Type species: Hermenias epidola Meyrick, 1911.
Herninias Lower, 1896. [misspelling of Hermenias].

3.13.1. Hermenias pilushina Razowski, 2000

Hermenias pilushina Razowski, 2000: 326. TL: China, Taiwan. Holotype (male): CMNH.
Distribution. China (Taiwan).
Remarks. This species was described by Razowski (2000) [7] based on a single male deposited in the CMNH.

3.13.2. Hermenias semicurva (Meyrick, 1912)

Eucosma semicurva Meyrick, 1912: 864. TL: India, Assam, Khasi Hills. Lectotype (female): NHMUK.
Material examined. 1 ♂, Tayuling, Hualien Hsien, 28-VII-85, Y. Kishida. [USNM].
1 ♂, Hsinchu Co., Kuangwu For. Sta., 2000 m, 18-25-VIII-1988, J. Heppner & H. Wang. [MGCL]. (Adult Number: TORT12084 ♂, Genitalia Slide Number: YH-Sun FL188 ♂)
Distribution. China (Taiwan) and India.
Remarks. This species is recorded for the first time in China.

3.14. Kennelia Rebel, 1901

Kennelia Rebel, 1901. Type species: Anomalopteryx xylinana Kennel, 1901.
Anomalopteryx Kennel, 1900. Preoccupied.

Kennelia albifacies (Walsingham, 1900)

Lipsotelus albifacies Walsingham, 1900: 570. TL: India. Holotype (unknown sex): OUM.
Argyroploce corthyntis Meyrick, 1909: 596.
Kennelia albifacies (Walsingham): Diakonoff, 1975: 312.
Distribution. China (Taiwan), India, and Sri Lanka.

3.15. Lepteucosma Diakonoff, 1971

Lepteucosma Diakonoff, 1971: 179. Type species: Lepteucosma oxychrysa Diakonoff, 1971.
Ceriodes Diakonoff, 1984: 374. Type species: Eucosma ceriodes Meyrick, 1909. [subgenus of Epinotia].

3.15.1. Lepteucosma blandoides Lu et Hsu, 2024

Lepteucosma blandoides Lu et Hsu, 2024: 2. TL: Taiwan, Nantou. Holotype (male): NMNS.
Distribution. China (Taiwan).

3.15.2. Lepteucosma ceriodes Meyrick, 1909

Eucosma ceriodes Meyrick, 1909: 607. TL: India, Assam, Khasi Hills. Lectotype (male): NHMUK.
Lepteucosma ceriodes (Meyrick): Diakonoff, 1971: 180.
Epinotia ceriodes: Heppner, 2012: 19.
Host plant. Rosaceae: Rubus sp.
Distribution. China (Sichuan, Taiwan, Zhejiang), India and Vietnam.

3.15.3. Lepteucosma dasyueshanensis Lu et Hsu 2024

Lepteucosma dasyueshanensis Lu et Hsu, 2024: 6. TL: Taiwan, Miaoli. Holotype (male): NMNS.
Distribution. China (Taiwan).

3.15.4. Lepteucosma shikokuensis (Kawabe, 1984)

Epinotia shikokuensis Kawabe, 1984: 187. TL: Japan, Honshu, Shikoku, Kagawa Prefecture, Oku-shio-iri. Holotype (male): USNM.
Lepteucosma shikokuensis (Kawabe): Kuznetzov, 1988: 84.
Material examined. Paratypes: 1 ♂, Hitotsu-uchi, Shionoe, Kagawa, 22-IX-1973, H. Toshima; 1 ♀, Oku-shio-iri, Chunan, Kagawa, 2-IX-1972, H. Toshima. [USNM].
13 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, Nantou Hsien, Lushan spa, 1200 m, 27-29-VII-1983, A. Kawabe; 8 ♂♂, Nantou Hsien, Nanshanchi, 25-26-VII-1983, A. Kawabe; 2 ♂♂, Miaoli Hsien, Hernglong Lodge, 550 m, nr. Taian spa, 8-VIII-1983, A. Kawabe; 1 ♂, Hualien Hsien, Wenshan spa, 580 m, 4-5-VIII-1983, A. Kawabe; 2 ♂♂, Nantou Hsien, Lushan spa, 1200 m, 3-5-VIII-1985, A. Kawabe; 2 ♂♂, Taoyuan Hsien, Palin, 1000 m, 31-VII-2-VIII-1985, A. Kawabe; 1 ♂, Nantou Hsien, Lushan spa, 1200 m, 9-10-VIII-1987, A. Kawabe; 1 ♀, Nantou Hsien, Yushih, 1700 m, 3-4-VIII-1987, A. Kawabe; 1 ♂, Nantou Hsien, Wushe, 1150 m, 1-V-1990, A. Kawabe; 1 ♀, Marreba, 13-VIII-1943, A. Mutuura. [USNM].
4 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, Taoyuan Co., Upper Palin, 1350 m, 4-5-VI-2005, J. Heppner; 2 ♂♂, Taichung Co., Chingshan, 1100 m, 8-11-V-1989, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♂, Taitung Co., Bishan Hot Spgs., 720 m, 26-29-X-1984, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 3 ♂♂, Taichung Co., Chingshan, 1100 m, 31-VIII/4-IX-1988, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, Taoyuan Co., Upper Palin, 1500 m, 7-9-VII-1985, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♂, Taichung Co., Chinn, 1100 m, 27-III/1-IV-1990, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♂, Taoyuan Co., Upper Palin, 1350 m, 4-5-VII-2005, J. Heppner. [MGCL].
Distribution. China (Fujian, Guizhou, Taiwan) and Japan.

3.16. Melanodaedala Horak, 2006

Melanodaedala Horak, 2006. Type species: Bathrotoma scopulosana Meyrick, 1881.

Melanodaedala melanoneura (Meyrick, 1912)

Eucosma melanoneura Meyrick, 1912: 886. TL: India, Assam, Khasi Hills. Lectotype (male): NHMUK.
Megaherpystis melanoneura (Meyrick): Kuznetzov, 1988: 81.
Melanodaedala melanoneura (Meyrick): Horak, 2006: 320.
Material examined. 1 ♀, Nantou Hsien, Lushan spa, 1200 m, 3-5-VIII-1985, A. Kawabe; 1 ♀, Hualien Hsien, Wenshan spa, 580 m, 4-5-VIII-1983, A. Kawabe; 1 ♂, Miaoli Hsien, Hernglong Lodge, 550 m. nr. Taian spa, 550 m, 8-VIII-1983, A. Kawabe; 1 ♂, Oomura, Chichi-jima, 24-IV-1973, Y. Kusui; 1 ♀, Taihoku, 18-X-1923, S. Issiki; 1 ♂, Kagi, 15-IV-1935, S. Issiki; 1 ♂, Raisya, 24-XI-1934, S. Issiki; 2 ♂♂, Kaohsiung Co., 10-11 km NE Chiahsien, ca. 300 m, 3-8-VII-1980, D. R. Davis. [USNM].
1 ♀, Taipei Co., Yangmingshan, 450 m, 20-21-VII-2005, J. Heppner; 1 ♀, Taipei Co., Wulai, 200 m, 17-19-VI-1985, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♂, Taoyuan Co., Upper Palin, 1350 m, 4-5-VII-2005, J. Heppner; 1 ♂, Taichung Co., Chingshan, 1100 m, 27-III/1-IV-1990, J. Heppner & H. Wang. [MGCL].
Host plants. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica L., Rhus chinensis Mill.
Distribution. China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan), India, Japan, Korea and Vietnam.

3.17. Notocelia Hübner, [1825]1816

Notocelia Hübner, [1825]1816: 379. Type species: Phalaena (Tortrix) uddmanniana Linnaeus, 1758.
Aspis Treitschke, 1829: 231. Type species: Phalaena (Tortrix) solandriana Linnaeus, 1758 sensu Treitschke, 1829 [=Phalaena (Tortrix) uddmanniana Linnaeus, 1758]. [preoccupied].
Aspidia Duponchel, 1835: 176. [replacement name for Aspis].
Pardia Guenée, 1845: 155. Type species: Tortrix tripunctana Denis et Schiffermüller, 1775 [=Phalaena (Tinea) cynosbatella Linnaeus, 1758].
Bardia Obraztsov, 1965: 371. [misspelling of Pardia].

3.17.1. Notocelia donaldana Kawabe, 1993

Notocelia donaldana Kawabe, 1993: 238. TL: Taiwan, Nantou Hsien, Mei-feng, 30 km S Tayuling. Holotype (male): USNM.
Material examined. Holotype: ♂, Nantou Co., Mei-feng, 30 km S Tayuling, 2200 m, 1-8-VI-1980, D. R. Davis. [USNM].
2 ♂♂, Nantou Co., Mei-feng, 30 km S Tayuling, 2200 m, 1-8-VI-1980, D. R. Davis; 1 ♂, Hassenzan, 6-VI-1942, S. Issiki, Issiki Collection, 1972; 1 ♂, Tattaka, 19-VII-1925, S. Issiki, Issiki Collection, 1972. [USNM].
Distribution. China (Taiwan).

3.17.2. Notocelia kurosawai Kawabe, 1986

Notocelia kurosawai Kawabe, 1986: 80. TL: Taiwan, Hualien Hsien, Hohuanshan. Holotype (male): USNM.
Material examined. Holotype: ♂, Hualien Hsien, Hohuanshan, 3100 m, 30-VII-1-VIII-1983, A. Kawabe. Paratypes: 5 ♂♂, 1 ♀, Hualien Hsien, Hohuanshan, 3100 m, 30-VII-1-VIII-1983, A. Kawabe. [USNM].
11 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, Nantou Co., Tayuling, 2500 m, 9-18-VI-1980, D. R. Davis; 1 ♂, Nantou Co., Mei-feng, 30 km S Tayuling, 2200 m, 1-8-VI-1980, D. R. Davis; 1 ♂, Hualien Hsien, Hohuanshan, 3100 m, 5-6-VIII-1987, A. Kawabe; 1 ♂, Higasinoko, 3-VI-1943, S. Issiki. [USNM].
6 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀, Nantou Co., Tayuling, 2570 m, 10-14-VI-1982, J. Heppner; 1 ♂, Nantou Co., Tayuling, 2570 m, 5-9-VI-1982, J. Heppner; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Nantou Co., Tayuling, 2570 m, 15-18-VI-1982, J. Heppner; 2 ♀♀, Hualien Co., Kuyuan, Taroko Gorge, 750 m, 6-7-VII-2005, J. Heppner. [MGCL].
Distribution. China (Taiwan).

3.18. Peridaedala Meyrick, 1925

Peridaedala Meyrick, 1925: 139.
Type species: Peridaedala hierograpta Meyrick, 1925.

3.18.1. Peridaedala algosa (Meyrick, 1912)

Spilonota algosa Meyrick, 1912: 854. TL: India, Assam, Khasi Hills. Lectotype (male): NHMUK.
Peridaedala algosa (Meyrick): Brown, 2005: 435.
Material examined. 1 ♀, Formosa [Taiwan], III–1925, S. Issiki; 1 ♀, Nantou Hsien, Wushe, 1000 m, 6-7-VIII-1985, A. Kawabe. [USNM].
1 ♀, Nantou Co., Meifeng, 2100 m, 6-9-IX-1988, J. Heppner; 1 ♀, Taichung Co., Chingshan, 1100 m, 31-VIII/4-IX-1988, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♀, Ilan Co., Taipingshan, 1900 m, 13-V-1989; 1 ♀, Taichung Co., Chingshan, 1100 m, 27-III/1-IV-1990, J. Heppner & H. Wang. [MGCL].
Distribution. China (Taiwan), India and Japan.

3.18.2. Peridaedala japonica Oku, 1979

Peridaedala japonica Oku, 1979: 590. TL: Japan, Honshu, Wakayama Prefecture, Mt. Iwawaki-san. Holotype (male): EIHU.
Assulella optabilana Kuznetzov, 1979: 80.
Distribution. China (Taiwan), Korea and Japan.

3.19. Retinia Guenée, 1845

Retinia Guenée, 1845: 180. Type species: Phalaena (Tortrix) resinella Linnaeus, 1758.
Petrova Heinrich, 1923: 21. Type species: Retinia comstockiana Fernald, 1879.

Retinia cristata (Walsingham, 1900)

Enarmonia cristata Walsingham, 1900: 439 TL: Japan. Holotype (male): NHMUK.
Petrova insignis Heinrich, 1928: 63. TL: Japan, Honshu, Yokohama. Holotype (male): USNM.
Retinia cristata (Walsingham): Issiki et Mutuura, 1961: 34.
Petrova cristata (Walsingham): Kawabe, 1982: 132.
Material examined. 1 ♂, Baibara, 24-III-1943, S. Issiki. [USNM].
1 ♂, Taichung Co., Chingshan, 1100 m, 31-VIII/4-IX-1988, J. Heppner & H. Wang. [MGCL].
Host plants. Pinaceae: Pinus massoniana Lamb., P. tabulaeformis Carr., P. thunbergii Parl., P. densiflora Sieb. et Zucc., P. taiwanensis Hayata.
Distribution. China (Anhui, Beijing, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Tianjin, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan and Korea.

3.20. Rhopalovalva Kuznetzov, 1964

Rhopalovalva Kuznetzov, 1964. Type species: Eudemis lascivana Christoph, 1882.

Rhopalovalva catharotorna (Meyrick, 1935)

Acroclita catharotorna Meyrick, 1935: 53. TL: China, Zhejiang, Mt. Tianmu. Lectotype (male): NHMUK.
Rhopalovalva catharotorna (Meyrick): Diakonoff, 1973: 692.
Distribution. China (Beijing, Hunan, Shanghai, Taiwan, Tianjin, Zhejiang) and Japan.

3.21. Rhopobota Lederer, 1859

Rhopobota Lederer, 1859: 366. Type species: Tortrix naevana Hübner, [1814,1815,1816,1817].
Erinaea Meyrick, 1907: 141. Type species: Erinaea chlorantha Meyrick, 1907 [=Teras verditer Hampson, 1891].
Kundrya Heinrich, 1923: 192. Type species: Kundrya finitimana Heinrich, 1923.
Norma Heinrich, 1923: 191. Type species: Epinotia dietziana Kearfott, 1907.
Eumarissa Clarke, 1976: 32. Type species: Eumarissa leucognoma Clarke, 1976.
Kundyra Razowski, 1977: 253. [misspelling of Kundrya].

3.21.1. Rhopobota antrifera (Meyrick, 1935)

Eucosma antrifera Meyrick, 1935: 56. TL: China, Tien-Mu-Shan. Lectotype (male): NHMUK.
Griselda antrifera (Meyrick): Kuznetzov, 1979: 83.
Rhopobota antrifera (Meyrick): Brown, 1983: 100.
Material examined. 1 ♀, Hsinchu/Miaoli Kuangwu, 2000 m, 24-25-VI-1985, J. Heppner & H. Wang. [MGCL]. (Adult Number: TORT12182 ♀, Genitalia Slide Number: Gen. Sl. Bae UF–081 ♀)
Distribution. China (Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Taiwan, Zhejiang) and Russia.
Remarks. This species is recorded for the first time in Taiwan.

3.21.2. Rhopobota bicolor Kawabe, 1989

Rhopobota bicolor Kawabe, 1989: 62. TL: Thailand, Chiang Mai, Doi Inthanon. Holotype (male): OPU.
Material examined. Paratypes: 1 ♂, Nantou Hsien, Lushan spa, 1200 m, 3-5-VIII-1985, A. Kawabe; 1 ♀, Bushi, Iruma, Saitama-ken, 1-VI-1979, H. Inoue. [USNM].
2 ♂♂, Nantou Hsien, Tsingjing Farm, 1900 m, 9-18-VI-1980, K. Fujisawa; 1 ♂, Nantou Hsien, Lushan spa, 1200 m, 7-8-VI-1988, K. Fujisawa; 1 ♀, Taipei Co., Chihsingshan, ca. 10 air km N Taipei, 700 m, 28-VII-1980, D. R. Davis; 1 ♀, Taipei Co., Chihsingshan, ca. 10 air km N Taipei, 700 m, 28-VII-1980, D. R. Davis. [USNM].
1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, Taipei Co., Wulai, 200 m, 17-19-VI-1985, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♀, Nantou Co., 5 km N Chitou, 500 m, 29-VI-1985, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♂, Nantou Co., Meifeng, 2100 m, 6-9-IX-1988, J. Heppner. [MGCL].
Distribution. China (Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Taiwan), Japan and Thailand.

3.21.3. Rhopobota naevana (Hübner, [1814,1815,1816,1817])

Tortrix unipunctana Haworth, 1811[1812]: 454. TL: United Kingdom, Great Britain. Syntype(s) (unknown sex): NHMUK.
Tortrix naevana Hübner, [1814,1815,1816,1817]: pl. 41, figure 261. TL: Europe, Syntype(s) (unknown sex): Unknown.
Lithographia geminana Stephens, 1852: 99. TL: United Kingdom. Great Britain (Whittlesea, near Yorkshire). Syntype(s) (unknown sex): NHMUK.
Rhopobota naevana (Hübner): Lederer, 1859: 367.
Sciaphila luctiferana Walker, 1863: 342. TL: Canada. Hudson Bay, Albany River, St. Martin’s Falls. Holotype (female): NHMUK.
Anchylopera vacciniana Packard, 1869: 338. TL: USA. Massachusetts. Holotype (unknow sex): MCZ.
Epinotia ilicifoliana Kearfott, 1907: 158. TL: USA. North Carolina, Black Mountains, Mt Graybeard. Lectotype (male): AMNH.
Laspeyresia malivorella Matsumura, 1931: 1072. TL: Korea. Lectotype (male): EIHU.
Acroclita microrrhyncha Meyrick, 1931: 127. TL: India. Parachinar. Holotype (female): NHMUK.
Rhopobota unipunctana (Haworth): Brown, 1979: 21.
Material examined. 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, Nantou Hsien, Lushan spa, 1200 m, 27-29-VII-1983, A. Kawabe; 1 ♀, Nantou Hsien, Lushan spa, 1200 m, 9-10-VIII-1987, A. Kawabe; 2 ♂♂, Nantou Hsien, Lushan spa, 1200 m, 7-8-VI-1988, K. Fujisawa; 1 ♂, Taipei Hsien, Wulai, 400 m, 14-VIII-1985, A. Kawabe; 1 ♀, Nantou Hsien, Tsingjing Farm, 1900 m, 9-VI-1988, K. Fujisawa; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Nantou Co., Mei-feng, 30 km S Tayuling, 2200 m, 1-8-VI-1980, D. R. Davis; 1 ♂, Taiwan, S. Issiki; 1 ♀, Taiwan: Taihoku, 8-V-1946, S. Issiki. [USNM].
8 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀, Taipei Co., Wulai, 200 m, 17-19-VI-1985, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♂, Hsinchu Co., Kuangwu For. Sta., 2000 m, 18-25-VIII-1988, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♂, Taoyuan Co., Upper Palin, 1500 m, 7-9-VII-1985, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♀, Ilan Co., Tuchan, 480 m, 1-2-VII-1982, J. Heppner; 1 ♀, Taitung Co., Bishan Hot Spgs., 720 m, 26-29-X-1984, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 2 ♀♀, Hsinchu/Miaoli Kuangwu, 2000 m, 24-25-VI-1985, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Nantou Co., Lien-Hua-Chih For. Sta. Puli, 700 m, 4-VII-1996, J. Heppner & H. Wang. [MGCL].
Host plants. Oleaceae: Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance, F. mandshurica Rupr.; Ericaceae: Vaccinium vitis-idaea Linn.; Rosaceae: Malus mandshurica (Maxim.) Kom., M. spectabilis (Ait.) Borkh., Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim., Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge, Armeniaca vulgaris Lam., Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc., Sorbus sp.; Rhamnaceae: Rhamnus davurica Pall., Ilex crenata Thunb.; Oleaceae: Syringa amurensis Rupr. This species, known as the black-headed fireworm, is an important pest of apples, pears, and apricots.
Distribution. China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Inner Mongolia, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Tianjin, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Europe, North America, India, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia and Sri Lanka.

3.21.4. Rhopobota toshimai (Kawabe, 1978)

Griselda toshimai Kawabe, 1978: 186. TL: Japan, Shikoku, Kagawa Prefecture, Okushoiri. Holotype (male): USNM.
Epinotia toshimai (Kawabe): Kawabe, 1992: 107.
Rhopobota toshimai (Kawabe): Brown, 1983: 104.
Material examined. 8 ♂♂, 1 ♀, Nantou Co., Mei-feng, 30 km S Tayuling, 2200 m, 1-8-VI-1980, D. R. Davis; 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, Nantou Hsien, Tsuifeng, 2400 m, 29-XII-1989, A. Kawabe; 1 ♀, Nantou Hsien, Wushe, 1150 m, 27-XII-1988, A. Kawabe; 1 ♀, Nantou Hsien, Yushih, 1700 m, 3-4-VIII-1987, A. Kawabe; 1 ♂, Kansirei, 19-X-1934, S. Issiki; 1 ♂, Rantaisan, 16-V-1933, S. Issiki. [USNM].
14 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, Nantou Co., Meifeng, 2100 m, 6-9-IX-1988, J. Heppner; 1 ♂, Hsinchu Co., Litonshan, 1450–1914 m, 13-VII-2005, J. Heppner; 1 ♂, Taichung Co., Chingshan, 1100 m, 31-VIII/4-IX-1988, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♀, Taichung Co., Lishan, 1800 m, 8-9-VII-2005, J. Heppner. [MGCL].
Distribution. China (Taiwan) and Japan.

3.22. Rhyacionia Hübner, [1825]1816

Rhyacionia Hübner, [1825]1816: 379. Type species: Tortrix buoliana Denis et Schiffermüller, 1775.

Rhyacionia dativa Heinrich, 1928

Evertia japoniella Matsumura, 1917: 516. TL: Japan. Holotype (unknown sex): Unknown.
Rhyacionia dativa Heinrich, 1928: 61. TL: Japan, Honshu, Kanagawa Prefecture, Yokohama. Holotype (male): USNM.
Material examined. 1 ♂, Hualien Hsien, Tayuling, 2560 m, 12-VI-1988, K. Fujisawa; 1 ♀, Hualien Hsien, Kuanyuan, 2400 m, 7-8-VIII-1987, A. Kawabe; 2 ♂♂, Nantou Hsien, Tsingjing Farm, 1900 m, 9-VI-1988, K. Fujisawa; 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, Nantou Co., Tayuling, 2500 m, 9-18-VI-1980, D. R. Davis; 1 ♂, Taiwan: Baibara, 24-III-43, S. Issiki. [USNM].
1 ♂, Kaosiung Co., Liukuei, Shanpin For., 750 m, 16-23-III-1990, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 2 ♂♂, Nantou Co., Piluchi For. Sta. rd., 2500 m, 8-9-VII-2005, J. Heppner; 4 ♂♂, Hualien Co., Kuanyuan, Taroko N.P., 2375 m, 3-VII-1996, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 2 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀, Hualien Co., Kuanyuan, Taroko Gorge, 750 m, 6-7-VII-2005, J. Heppner; 1 ♂, Taichung Co., Chingshan, 1100 m, 8-11-V-1989, J. Heppner & H. Wang. [MGCL].
Host plants. Pinaceae: Pinus massoniana Lamb., P. thunbergii Parl.
Distribution. China (Anhui, Guangdong, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, hejiang), Japan, Korea, Russia and Europe.

3.23. Spilonota Stephens, 1829

Spilonota Stephens, 1829: 173. Type species: Tortrix ocellana Denis et Schiffermüller, 1775.
Tmetocera Lederer, 1859: 124, 367. (Type species: [Tortrix] comitana Hübner, [1799] = Tortrix ocellana Denis et Schiffermüller, 1775).

3.23.1. Spilonota albicana (Motschulsky, 1866)

Grapholitha albicana Motschulsky, 1866: 199. TL: Japan. Syntype(s) (unknown sex): Unknown.
Grapholitha Tmetocera prognathana Snellen, 1883: 227.
Spilonota prognathana Snellen, 1883: 227.
Spilonota albicana (Motschulsky): Kuznetzov, 1976: 78.
Material examined. 1 ♀, Nantou Hsien, Wushe, 1150 m, 1-V-90, A. Kawabe. [USNM]. (Adult Number: Sun-337 ♀)
1 ♂, Taichung Co., Chingshan, 1100 m, 8-11-V-1989, J. Heppner & H. Wang. [MGCL]. (Genitalia Slide Number: Gen. Sl. Bae UF-117 ♂)
Host plants. Rosaceae: Malus pumila Mill., M. mandshurica (Maxim.) Kom., M. sieboldii (Regel) Rehd., M. pallasiana Juz., Pyrus sp., Photinia glabra (Thunb.) Maxim., Armeniaca vulgaris Lamb., Amygdalus persica Linn., Prunus salicina Lindl., P. serrulata var. spontanea (Maxim.), Cerasus pseudocerasus (Lindl.) G. Don, C. tomentosa (Thunb.) Wall., Cotoneaster melanocarpus Lodd., C. maximowiczii Schneid., C. dahurica Koehne et Schneid., Sorbus amurensis Koehne, Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge; Pinaceae: Larix gmelini (Rupr.) Rupr., Larix leptolepis (Sieb. et Zucc.) Gord.; Betulaceae: Corylus heterophylla Fisch. et Bess.
Distribution. China (Fujian, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Tianjin, Zhejiang), Japan, Korea and Russia.
Remarks. This species is recorded for the first time in Taiwan.

3.23.2. Spilonota lechriaspis Meyrick, 1932

Spilonota lechriaspis Meyrick, 1932: 306. TL: China, South Manchuria, Kwantung Mountains. Lectotype (male): NHMUK.
Material examined. 1 ♀, Nantou Hsien, Lushan, 1200 m, 7-8.VI-1988, K. Fujisawa. [USNM].
2 ♂♂, Kaohsiung Co., Liukuei, Shanpin For., 750 m, 16-23-III-1990, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♀, Nantou Hsien, Lushan spa, 1200 m, June 7-8, 1988, K. Fujisawa. [MGCL]. (Adult Number: TORT12092 ♂, Genitalia Slide Number: YH-Sun FL230 ♂)
Host plants. Rosaceae: Malus pumila Mill., Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl., Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge; Leguminosae: Pyracantha angustifolia (Franch.) Schneid.
Distribution. China (Fujian, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Shaanxi, Taiwan, Tianjin), Japan, Korea and Russia.
Remarks. This species is recorded for the first time in Taiwan.

3.23.3. Spilonota melanocopa (Meyrick, 1912)

Enarmonia melanocopa Meyrick, 1912: 853. TL: India, Assam, Khasi Hills. Lectotype (male): NHMUK.
Spilonota meleanocopa Meyrick, 1912: 853.
Material examined. 1 ♂, Nantou Hsien, Nanshanchi, 25-26-VII-1983, A. Kawabe. [USNM].
2 ♀♀, Taichung Co., Chingshan, 1100 m, 31-VIII/4-IX-1988, J. Heppner & H. Wang. [MGCL].
Distribution. China (Taiwan) and India.

3.24. Strepsicrates Meyrick, 1888

Monilia Walker, 1866: 1741. Type species: Monilia semicanella Walker, 1866 [=Strepsicrates smithiana Walsingham, 1892].
Strepsiceros Meyrick, 1881: 678. Type species: Sciaphila ejectana Walker, 1863. [preoccupied]
Strepsicrates Meyrick, 1888: 73. [replacement name for Strepsiceros].
Phthinolophus Dyar, 1903: 207. Type species: Phthinolophus indentanus Dyar, 1903.
Phthenolophus Busck, 1910: 132. [misspelling of Phthinolophus].
Sterpsiceros Razowski, 1977: 285. [misspelling of Strepsiceros].

Strepsicrates rhothia (Meyrick, 1910)

Spilonota rhothia Meyrick, 1910: 368. TL: Ceylon [Sri Lanka], Maskeliya. Lectotype (male): NHMUK.
Strepsicrates rhothia (Meyrick): Clarke, 1958: 596.
Material examined. 1 ♂, Taihoku, 3-VII-1948, S. Issiki; 1 ♀, Taihoku, 30-V-1946, S. Issiki; 1 ♀, Taihoku, 8-IX-1946, S. Issiki; 1 ♂, Sirin, 18-IX-1933, S. Issiki. [USNM].
Host plants. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica L.; Coriariaceae: Coriaria nepalensis Wall.; Lythraceae: Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz.; Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus alba Reinw. ex Blume, Eucalyptus citriodora (Hook.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson, Melaleuca cajuputi Powell, Psidium guajava L., Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, Lophostemon confertus (R.Br.) Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterh.
Distribution. China (Taiwan), Sri Lanka, India, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Madagascar, Mauritius and South Africa.

3.25. Tritopterna Meyrick, 1921

Tritopterna Meyrick, 1921: 151.
Type species: Tritopterna chionostoma Meyrick, 1921.

Tritopterna anachastopa (Meyrick, 1934)

Acroclita anachastopa Meyrick, 1934: 483. TL: Indonesia, Java, Telawa. Lectotype (male): NHMUK.
Tritopterna anachastopa (Meyrick): Brown, 2005: 599.
Material examined. 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Hualien Hsien, Kuanyuan, 2400 m, 7-8-VIII-1987, A. Kawabe; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Nantou Hsien, Lushan spa, 1200 m, 3-5-VIII-1985, A. Kawabe; 1 ♂, Nantou Hsien, Wushe, 1150 m, 27-XII-1988, A. Kawabe; 1 ♀, Hualien Hsien, Tayuling, 2560 m, 12-VI-1988, K. Fujisawa. [USNM].
Host plants. Euphorbiaceae: Glochidion sp., Mallotus sp.
Distribution. China (Taiwan) and Indonesia.

3.26. Zeiraphera Treitschke, 1829

Zeiraphera Treitschke, 1829: 231.
Sinusia Caradja, 1916: 61. Type species: Steganoptycha imprimata Caradja, 1916 [=Grapholita Paedisca subcorticana Snellen, 1883] [described as subgenus of Steganoptycha].
Charlotta Forbes, 1923: 379. Type species: Phalaena Tortrix Coccyx ratzeburgiana Saxesen sensu Forbes, 1923 [=Zeiraphera canadensis Mutuura et Freeman, 1966].
Type species: Tortrix corticana Denis et Schiffermüller sensu Hübner, [1812,1813] [=Pyralis isertana Fabricius, 1794].

3.26.1. Zeiraphera fulvomixtana Kawabe, 1974

Zeiraphera fulvomixtana Kawabe, 1974: 98. TL: Japan, Honshu, Gunma Prefecture, Doaiguchi. Holotype (male): USNM.
Material examined. 2 ♀♀, Chiai Hsien, Fenchihu, 1400 m, 11-12-VIII-1985, A. Kawabe; 1 ♂, Nantou Hsien, Lushan spa, 1200 m, 3-5-VIII-1985, A. Kawabe; 11 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀, Chiai Hsien, Alishan, 2270 m, 8-10-VIII-1985, A. Kawabe; 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, (Alishan) Chiai Hsien, Formosa, 12-VIII-1974, Y. Kishida; 3 ♀♀, (Lishan) Taichung Hsien, Formosa, 9-VIII-1974, Y. Kishida; 1 ♂, Alishan, Chiayi, Formosa, 11-VIII-1974, H. Nakajima; 2 ♂♂, Wulai, Taipei Hsien, Formosa, 1-VIII-1974, H. Nakajima; 4 ♂♂, Nantou Co., Tayuling, 2500 m, 9-18-VI-1980, D. R. Davis; 2 ♂♂, Nantou Hsien, Tsingjing Farm, 1900 m, 9-VI-1988, K. Fujisawa. [USNM].
1 ♂, Taichung Co., Chingshan, 1100 m, 31-VIII/4-IX-1988, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Taichung Co., Chingshan, 1100 m, 31-VIII/4-IX-1988, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♂, Nantou Co., Meifeng Hort. Sta., 2100 m, 6-10-IX-1988, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♂, Hsinchu Co., Kuangwu For. Sta., 2000 m, 18-25-VIII-1988, J. Heppner & H. Wang. [MGCL].
Host plants. Fagaceae: Quercus glauca Thunb.
Distribution. China (Taiwan), Japan and Korea.

3.26.2. Zeiraphera taiwana Kawabe, 1986

Zeiraphera taiwana Kawabe, 1986: 79. TL: Taiwan, Chiai Hsien, Alishan. Holotype (male): USNM.
Material examined. Taiwan: holotype: ♂, Formosa [Taiwan], Alishan, Chiai Hsien, 12-VIII-1974, Y. Kishida. Paratype: 1 ♀, Formosa [Taiwan], Alishan, Chiayi, 2200 m, 9-11-VII-1964, H. Inoue. [USNM].
1 ♂, Kaohsiung Co., Tienchih, Yushan N.P., 2280 m, 7-VII-1996, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, Hsinchu/Miaoli Kuangwu, 2000 m, 24-25-VI-1985, J. Heppner & H. Wang; 1 ♀, Hualien Co., 4 km E Tayuling, 2400 m, 5-IX-1988, J. Heppner & H. Wang. [MGCL].
Distribution. China (Taiwan).

3.26.3. Zeiraphera thymelopa (Meyrick, 1938)

Argyroploce thymelopa Meyrick, 1938: 1. TL: China, Yunnan Province, Yi [Likiang]. Lectotype (male): NHMUK.
Olethreutes thymelopa (Meyrick): Clarke, 1958: 555.
Zeiraphera hohuanshana Kuznetzov, 1976: 21. TL: Taiwan, Hualien Hsien, Hohuanshan. Holotype: USNM, male.
Zeiraphera hohuanshana Kawabe, 1986: 79.
Material examined. Holotype: ♂, Hualien Hsien, Hohuanshan, 3100 m, 30-VII-1-VIII-1983, A. Kawabe. Paratypes: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Hualien Hsien, Hohuanshan, 3100 m, 30-VII-1-VIII-1983, A. Kawabe. [USNM].
1 ♀, Hualien Hsien, Hohuanshan, 3100 m, 30-VII-1-VIII-1983 A. Kawabe; 2 ♂♂, Hualien Hsien, Kuanyuan, 2400 m, 7-8-VIII-1987, A. Kawabe. [USNM].
Distribution. China (Fujian, Gansu, Shaanxi, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan).

4. Conclusions

Despite its small size, Taiwan supports an exceptionally rich biodiversity with high levels of endemism. Of the approximately 4300 species of vascular plants, more than 1000 are endemic (https://lifeoftaiwan.com/about-taiwan/nature-ecology/, accessed on 30 July 2025). Approximately 30% of the insects on the island are found nowhere else, along with 20% of the mammals and 17% of the reptiles [15]. Of the approximately 500 species of butterflies recorded from Taiwan, 56 (11%) are unique to the island.
Four major terrestrial ecoregions are recognized on Taiwan [16]: (1) Jian Nan subtropical evergreen forests, (2) South China Sea Islands, (3) South Taiwan monsoon rain forests, and (4) Taiwan subtropical evergreen forests. From grassy lowlands to high-elevation mountains (reaching 3100 m elevation), countless plant communities and topographic diversity also contribute significantly to the overall species richness of the island.
This contribution, focused on the tortricid tribe Eucosmini, documents one species new to China and one genus and six species new to Taiwan Province. These discoveries continue to highlight the uniqueness and diversity of Taiwan’s insect fauna and illuminate Taiwan’s position in global patterns of biogeography. The detailed information presented herein represents the basic data for subsequent systematic and distributional research and will not only improve the taxonomic knowledge of the insects of China but will also contribute to the systematics and biogeography of Tortricidae globally.
In the present study, species identifications were based primarily on morphological characteristics. However, some specimens proved difficult to distinguish solely on the basis of morphology. As such, the taxonomic status of several problematic taxa will be further evaluated using molecular techniques in future research. Upcoming efforts will also focus on surveying remote and underexplored regions of Taiwan, which hold considerable potential for the discovery of new species and additional distribution records. By integrating molecular biology, ecological data, and multidisciplinary approaches, future studies can further elucidate the genetic diversity, adaptive mechanisms, and speciation processes within the tribe Eucosmini. These insights will provide a more robust foundation for both biodiversity conservation and the development of effective management strategies for economically relevant tortricid species.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization and methodology, Y.S.; writing—original draft preparation, Y.S. and M.L.; writing—review and editing, J.W.B., Q.Z. and H.L.; project administration, Y.S. and H.L.; funding acquisition, Y.S. and Q.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Yinghui sun, grant number 32000323), the Research Project of Dezhou University (Yinghui sun, grant number 2023XKZX016), the Xinjiang Tianchi Yingcai Introduction Project (Distinguished Professor), and the National Key Research and Development Program “Intergovernmental Cooperation on International Science and Technology Innovation” Special Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Houhun Li, No. 2022YFE0115200).

Data Availability Statement

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.

Acknowledgments

We express our thanks to J. B. Heppner (Gainesville), who provided convenience in examining the specimens used in this study to the first author, and to Aihuan Zhang for their suggestions on the manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

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MDPI and ACS Style

Sun, Y.; Brown, J.W.; Liu, M.; Zeng, Q.; Li, H. Checklist of the Tribe Eucosmini Obraztsov, 1946 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae) from Taiwan. Insects 2025, 16, 819. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080819

AMA Style

Sun Y, Brown JW, Liu M, Zeng Q, Li H. Checklist of the Tribe Eucosmini Obraztsov, 1946 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae) from Taiwan. Insects. 2025; 16(8):819. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080819

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sun, Yinghui, John W. Brown, Ming Liu, Qiangcheng Zeng, and Houhun Li. 2025. "Checklist of the Tribe Eucosmini Obraztsov, 1946 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae) from Taiwan" Insects 16, no. 8: 819. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080819

APA Style

Sun, Y., Brown, J. W., Liu, M., Zeng, Q., & Li, H. (2025). Checklist of the Tribe Eucosmini Obraztsov, 1946 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae) from Taiwan. Insects, 16(8), 819. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080819

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