A Long Photoperiod Promoted the Development, Reproduction, and Predation of Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) at an Average Greenhouse Temperature during the Winter
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Insects
2.2. Assays of Effects of Different Photoperiods on Development and Reproduction
2.3. Assays of Effect of Different Photoperiods on Predation by H. axyridis
2.3.1. Assay of Effects of Different Photoperiods on the Daily Average Amount of Predation
2.3.2. Assay of Effects of Different Photoperiods on Predation by H. axyridis
2.3.3. Assays of Effects of Different Photoperiods on Predation Parameters for H. axyridis in Greenhouse
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Daily Average Temperature in the Greenhouse during December 2021
3.2. Development and Reproduction Parameters for H. axyridis under Different Photoperiods
3.3. H. axyridis Population Parameters under Different Photoperiods
3.4. Daily Predation Amounts by H. axyridis under Different Photoperiods
3.5. Regulatory Effect of Photoperiod on Predation by H. axyridis
3.6. Effects of Photoperiod on Predation Parameters of H. axyridis
3.7. Maximum Daily Predation Amounts by H. axyridis on M. persicae in the Greenhouse under Different Photoperiods
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | 9L:15D | 12L:12D | 16L:8D |
---|---|---|---|
Duration of egg/d | 9.31 ± 0.06 a | 9.29 ± 0.08 a | 9.34 ± 0.08 a |
Duration of 1st instar/d | 5.36 ± 0.17 a | 5.31 ± 0.18 a | 5.71 ± 0.24 a |
Duration of 2nd instar/d | 4.97 ± 0.14 b | 5.33 ± 0.17 a | 4.39 ± 0.13 c |
Duration of 3rd instar/d | 5.10 ± 0.17 b | 5.57 ± 0.24 a | 4.80 ± 0.12 c |
Duration of 4th instar/d | 10.81 ± 0.20 a | 8.68 ± 0.20 b | 9.00 ± 0.17 b |
Duration of larva/d | 26.24 ± 0.26 a | 24.77 ± 0.26 b | 23.73 ± 0.29 c |
Duration of pupa/d | 15.61 ± 0.17 a | 15.65 ± 0.27 a | 15.62 ± 0.21 a |
Pre-adult period/d | 52.63 ± 0.26 a | 49.02 ± 0.33 b | 48.29 ± 0.21 c |
Longevity of female/d | 162.83 ± 4.57 a | 146.62 ± 6.89 b | 136.03 ± 7.42 c |
Longevity of male/d | 169.33 ± 4.18 a | 148.84 ± 3.69 b | 138.17 ± 3.32 c |
Proportion of ovipositing females/% | 96.30 ± 2.14 a | 100.00 ± 0.00 a | 100.00 ± 0.00 a |
Fecundity of ovipositing females (Fr) | 229.0 ± 6.2 c | 380.4 ± 12.6 b | 513.1 ± 28.4 a |
Fecundity of all females (F) | 213.2 ± 22.4 c | 380.4 ± 12.6 b | 513.1 ± 28.4 a |
Pre-oviposition period (APOP)/d | 53.37 ± 5.53 a | 38.86 ± 1.87 b | 23.79 ± 0.64 c |
Total pre-oviposition period (TPOP)/d | 104.96 ± 5.20 a | 87.27 ± 1.94 b | 73.03 ± 4.10 c |
Population Parameter | 9L:15D | 12L:12D | 16L:8D |
---|---|---|---|
Intrinsic rate of increase (r, per day) | 0.0329 ± 0.0013 c | 0.0452 ± 0.0016 b | 0.0556 ± 0.0018 a |
Finite rate of increase (λ, per day) | 1.0335 ± 0.0014 c | 1.0463 ± 0.0017 b | 1.0571 ± 0.0019 a |
Net reproduction rate (R0) | 76.37 ± 12.21 c | 137.89 ± 20.91 b | 185.89 ± 26.65 a |
Mean generation time T (days) | 131.40 ± 1.36 a | 108.69 ± 1.37 b | 93.88 ± 0.85 c |
Photoperiod | Replicates | Functional Response Equation | R2 | χ2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
9L:15D | 1 | Na = 1.1175 × No/(1 + 1.1175 × 0.0162No) | 0.9948 | 0.13 |
2 | Na = 1.1056 × No/(1 + 1.1056 × 0.0200No) | 0.9866 | 0.98 | |
3 | Na = 1.0564 × No/(1 + 1.0564 × 0.0161No) | 0.9965 | 0.63 | |
12L:12D | 1 | Na = 1.0438 × No/(1 + 1.0438 × 0.0114No) | 0.9980 | 0.43 |
2 | Na = 1.0455 × No/(1 + 1.0455 × 0.0136No) | 0.9906 | 0.81 | |
3 | Na = 1.0884 × No/(1 + 1.0884 × 0.0134No) | 0.9975 | 0.08 | |
16L:8D | 1 | Na = 0.9743 × No/(1 + 0.9743 × 0.0099No) | 0.9924 | 0.70 |
2 | Na = 1.0064 × No/(1 + 1.0064 × 0.0099No) | 0.9926 | 0.71 | |
3 | Na = 0.9968 × No/(1 + 0.9968 × 0.0092No) | 0.9955 | 0.65 |
Prey Density (Aphids/Plant) | 9L:15D | 12L:12D | 16L:8D |
---|---|---|---|
5 | 0.9980 ± 0.0257 ab | 1.0090 ± 0.0216 a | 0.9456 ± 0.0140 b |
10 | 0.9183 ± 0.0244 ab | 0.9477 ± 0.0138 a | 0.9030 ± 0.0129 b |
20 | 0.7920 ± 0.0273 b | 0.8451 ± 0.0036 a | 0.8284 ± 0.0132 a |
50 | 0.5612 ± 0.0323 b | 0.6383 ± 0.0143 a | 0.6639 ± 0.0177 a |
80 | 0.4348 ± 0.0311 c | 0.5130 ± 0.0191 b | 0.5541 ± 0.0198 a |
110 | 0.3549 ± 0.0286 c | 0.4289 ± 0.0204 b | 0.4754 ± 0.0202 a |
Photoperiod | Instantaneous Attack Rate (A) | Handling Time (Th/d) |
---|---|---|
9L:15D | 1.0931 ± 0.0324 a | 0.0174 ± 0.0022 a |
12L:12D | 1.0592 ± 0.0252 a | 0.0128 ± 0.0012 b |
16L:8D | 0.9925 ± 0.0165 b | 0.0097 ± 0.0004 c |
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Yu, H.; Yuan, X.; Xie, Z.; Zhang, Q.; Zheng, C.; Sun, L. A Long Photoperiod Promoted the Development, Reproduction, and Predation of Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) at an Average Greenhouse Temperature during the Winter. Insects 2024, 15, 214. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15040214
Yu H, Yuan X, Xie Z, Zhang Q, Zheng C, Sun L. A Long Photoperiod Promoted the Development, Reproduction, and Predation of Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) at an Average Greenhouse Temperature during the Winter. Insects. 2024; 15(4):214. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15040214
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu, Haixia, Xinjuan Yuan, Zhiqiang Xie, Qiqi Zhang, Changying Zheng, and Lijuan Sun. 2024. "A Long Photoperiod Promoted the Development, Reproduction, and Predation of Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) at an Average Greenhouse Temperature during the Winter" Insects 15, no. 4: 214. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15040214
APA StyleYu, H., Yuan, X., Xie, Z., Zhang, Q., Zheng, C., & Sun, L. (2024). A Long Photoperiod Promoted the Development, Reproduction, and Predation of Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) at an Average Greenhouse Temperature during the Winter. Insects, 15(4), 214. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15040214