Energetics of Paper Wasps (Polistes sp.) from Differing Climates during the Breeding Season
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Species, Locations, and Climates
2.2. Temperature and Radiation Measurement
2.3. Energetic Expenditure Calculations
2.4. Data Analysis and Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Nest Microclimate
3.2. Energetic Expenditure
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Calculation with: | Ta | Tbody | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species | SMR | MMR | SMR | MMR | N |
P. dominula | 1161.2 ± 217.34 | 1350.0 ± 198.37 | 1193.5 ± 149.11 | 1426.4 ± 148.30 | 8 |
P. gallicus | 1521.9 ± 118.13 | 1702.5 ± 440.36 | 1656.9 ± 104.59 | 1866.0 ± 383.38 | 6 |
P. biglumis | 422.9 ± 50.38 | 858.5 ± 59.00 | 563.6 ± 79.87 | 1001.7 ± 81.17 | 7 |
Calculation with: | Ta | Tbody | Tbody vs. Ta | Tbody vs. Ta |
---|---|---|---|---|
Species | MMR/SMR | MMR/SMR | SMR/SMR | MMR/MMR |
P. dominula | 1.16 | 1.20 | 1.03 | 1.06 |
P. gallicus | 1.12 | 1.13 | 1.09 | 1.10 |
P. biglumis | 2.03 | 1.78 | 1.33 | 1.17 |
MMR Difference to Microclimate (%) | SMR Difference to Microclimate (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P. dominula | P. gallicus | P. biglumis | P. dominula | P. gallicus | P. biglumis | |
Ta (standard met.) | −31.1 | −21.0 | −18.9 | −33.0 | −5.7 | −32.1 |
Ta (future +1 °C) | 10.4 | 11.1 | 6.1 | 11.7 | 4.5 | 9.1 |
Ta (future +2 °C) | 20.0 | 23.9 | 12.4 | 24.7 | 9.0 | 20.4 |
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Kovac, H.; Käfer, H.; Petrocelli, I.; Amstrup, A.B.; Stabentheiner, A. Energetics of Paper Wasps (Polistes sp.) from Differing Climates during the Breeding Season. Insects 2022, 13, 800. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13090800
Kovac H, Käfer H, Petrocelli I, Amstrup AB, Stabentheiner A. Energetics of Paper Wasps (Polistes sp.) from Differing Climates during the Breeding Season. Insects. 2022; 13(9):800. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13090800
Chicago/Turabian StyleKovac, Helmut, Helmut Käfer, Iacopo Petrocelli, Astrid B. Amstrup, and Anton Stabentheiner. 2022. "Energetics of Paper Wasps (Polistes sp.) from Differing Climates during the Breeding Season" Insects 13, no. 9: 800. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13090800