The Ant-like Tachydromia Complex in the Iberian Peninsula—Insights from Habitat Suitability Modelling for the Conservation of an Endemism (Diptera: Hybotidae)
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Target Taxa and Data Sources
2.3. Habitat Suitability/Distribution Model Development
2.4. Environmental Variables Selection
2.5. Model Fitting and Evaluation
2.6. Model Ensembles
2.7. Habitat Similarity and Clustering Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Predictive Model Performance
3.2. Relative Importance of Environmental Variables
3.3. Species Hierarchical Clustering
3.4. Environmental Suitability
3.4.1. Abiotic Factors
3.4.2. Biotic Factors
3.5. Potential Distribution Geographic Patterns
3.5.1. Merged Species Dataset (MSD)
3.5.2. Phylogenetically Most Related Cluster (PRC)
- Tachydromia lusitanica
- Tachydromia ebejeri
- Tachydromia semiaptera
- Tachydromia iberica
3.5.3. Distribution Overlap of Tachydromia with Quercus Species and Life Zones
4. Discussion
4.1. Multi-Scale Influence of Environmental Variables on Habitat Suitability
4.2. The Influence of Abiotic (Coarse-Scale) Variables
4.3. The Influence of Biotic (Fine-Scale) Factors
4.4. Spatial Overlap between Ant-like Flies, Oak Forests, and Life Zones in the Iberian Peninsula
4.5. Conservation and Future Study Guidelines
4.6. Study Limitations and Future Improvements
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Scale | Main Environmental Factors Determining Habitat Suitability for the Target Species in Iberia | |
---|---|---|
Global | Climate | Atlantic |
Continental | ||
Submediterranean | ||
Regional | Elevation | Mountainous regions |
Coastal areas | ||
Temperature | Mild in Spring and/or Summer | |
Precipitation | Medium/high | |
Local | Soil | Leaflitter present |
High organic content | ||
High humidity | ||
Forest type | Deciduous | |
Marcescent | ||
Tree cover | Partial to allow sunlight penetration |
Type | Variable Name | Data Sources |
---|---|---|
Climate | BIO1 = Annual Mean Temperature | WolrdClim bioclimatic indices v-2.1/https://www.worldclim.org/data/worldclim21.html. Accessed: 26 May 2020 |
Climate Geomorphology | BIO2 = Mean Diurnal Range (Mean of monthly (max temp–min temp)) | WolrdClim bioclimatic indices v-2.1/https://www.worldclim.org/data/worldclim21.html. Accessed: 26 May 2020. SRTM 90 m Digital Elevation Database v4.1: https://cgiarcsi.community/data/srtm-90m-digital-elevation-database-v4-1/. Accessed: 26 May 2020 |
BIO3 = Isothermality (BIO2/BIO7) (×100) | ||
BIO4 = Temperature Seasonality (standard deviation ×100) | ||
BIO5 = Max Temperature of Warmest Month | ||
BIO6 = Min Temperature of Coldest Month | ||
BIO7 = Temperature Annual Range (BIO5-BIO6) | ||
BIO8 = Mean Temperature of Wettest Quarter | ||
BIO9 = Mean Temperature of Driest Quarter | ||
BIO10 = Mean Temperature of Warmest Quarter | ||
BIO11 = Mean Temperature of Coldest Quarter | ||
BIO12 = Annual Precipitation | ||
BIO13 = Precipitation of Wettest Month | ||
BIO14 = Precipitation of Driest Month | ||
BIO15 = Precipitation Seasonality (Coefficient of Variation) | ||
BIO16 = Precipitation of Wettest Quarter | ||
BIO17 = Precipitation of Driest Quarter | ||
BIO18 = Precipitation of Warmest Quarter | ||
BIO19 = Precipitation of Coldest Quarter | ||
Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) | ||
Soil attributes | % of sand | Topsoil physical properties for Europe (based on LUCAS topsoil data)/EU JRC: https://esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu/content/topsoil-physical-properties-europe-based-lucas-topsoil-data. Accessed on 4 October 2018 |
Soil attributes | % of clay | Topsoil physical properties for Europe (based on LUCAS topsoil data)/EU JRC: https://esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu/content/topsoil-physical-properties-europe-based-lucas-topsoil-data. Accessed on 4 October 2018. Soil pH in Europe/EU JRC: https://esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu/content/soil-ph-europe. Accessed on 4 October 2018 |
% of silt | ||
% coarse fragments | ||
Bulk Density | ||
Available Water Capacity (AWC) | ||
Soil pH | ||
Topsoil organic matter content | European Soil Database & soil properties/EU JRC: https://esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu/resource-type/european-soil-database-soil-properties. Accessed on 4 October 2018 | |
Root depth | European Soil Database & soil properties/EU JRC: https://esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu/resource-type/european-soil-database-soil-properties. Accessed on 4 October 2018 Terra/MODIS product MOD13Q1 v-006/250m: https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/mod13q1v006/. Accessed on 4 October 2018 | |
Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI)—annual median | ||
Remotely sensed vegetation attributes | Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI)—annual interquartile range | Terra/MODIS product MOD13Q1 v-006/250m: https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/mod13q1v006/. Accessed on 4 October 2018 Global tree density map/Crowther, T. W., Glick, H. B., Covey, K. R., et al. (2015). Mapping tree density at a global scale. Nature, 525(7568), 201–205. doi:10.1038/nature14967. Available online: https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/yale_fes_data/1/. Accessed on 4 October 2018 |
Global Tree Density/~1 Km | ||
% cover of coniferous forest | Copernicus High Resolution Layers https://land.copernicus.eu/pan-european/high-resolution-layers. Accessed on 4 October 2018 | |
% cover of broadleaf forest | Copernicus High Resolution Layers https://land.copernicus.eu/pan-european/high-resolution-layers. Accessed on 4 October 2018 Terra/MODIS product MOD16A2 v-006/1000m: https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/mod16a2v006/. Accessed on 4 October 2018 | |
Evapotranspiration—annual median | ||
Remotely sensed water cycle attributes | Evapotranspiration—annual interquartile range | Terra/MODIS product MOD16A2 v-006/1000m: https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/mod16a2v006/. Accessed on 4 October 2018 Terra/MODIS product MOD09A1 v-006/500m: https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/mod09a1v006/. Accessed on 4 October 2018 |
Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI)—annual median | ||
Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI)—annual interquartile range | Terra/MODIS product MOD09A1 v-006/500m: https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/mod09a1v006/. Accessed on 4 October 2018 |
Appendix B
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Dataset Number | Dataset Designation | Species Name and Total Number | Number of Presence Records |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Merged species dataset (MSD) | T. cantabrica T. ebejeri T. iberica T. lusitanica T. nigrohirta T. pandellei T. pieltaini T. semiaptera T. stenoptera (9) | 100 |
2 | Cluster of most phylogenetically related species (PRC) | T. cantabrica T. ebejeri T. lusitanica T. nigrohirta (4) | 53 |
3 | Tachydromia lusitanica | (1) | 20 |
4 | Tachydromia ebejeri | (1) | 20 |
5 | Tachydromia semiaptera | (1) | 14 |
6 | Tachydromia iberica | (1) | 20 |
Type | Description | Source |
---|---|---|
Climate (coarse scale) | BIO 3—Isothermality (Mean Diurnal Range /Temperature Annual Range) (×100) | WorldClim v2.1 https://worldclim.org (accessed on 20 November 2021) |
BIO 6—Minimum Temperature of Coldest Month | ||
BIO 12—Annual Precipitation | ||
Vegetation/land cover (fine scale) | % cover of broadleaf forests | Copernicus High Resolution Layers https://land.copernicus.eu/pan-european/high-resolution-layers (accessed on 20 November 2021) |
Tree density (nr/km2) | Crowther et al., 2016 | |
Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI)—annual median | Terra/MODIS MOD13Q1 product (v6) https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/mod13q1v006/USGS/NASA (accessed on 20 November 2021) |
MSD | PRC | T. ebejeri | T. lusitanica | T. semiaptera | T. iberica | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KAPPA | 0.55 | 0.60 | 0.56 | 0.66 | 0.75 | 0.73 |
TSS | 0.79 | 0.87 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.96 |
ROC | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 |
Sensitivity | 89.9 | 96.4 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Specificity | 88.9 | 90.1 | 95.8 | 95.2 | 95.1 | 96.2 |
Qbro | Qcan | Qcer | Qest | Qfag | Qlus | Qmar | Qoro | Qpet | Qpub | Qpyr | Qrob | Qsub | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MSD | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.37 | 0.21 | 0.62 | 0.54 | 0.16 |
T. lusitanica | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.64 | 0.96 | 0.00 |
T. ebejeri | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.85 | 0.93 | 0.00 |
T. semiaptera | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.36 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.41 | 0.00 |
T. iberica | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 0.29 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.50 | 0.34 | 0.61 | 0.06 | 0.33 |
PRC | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.19 | 0.06 | 0.68 | 0.77 | 0.03 |
Mediterranean | Temperate Eurosiberian | Submediterranean | Eurosiberian Submediterranean Transition | |
---|---|---|---|---|
MSD | 0.07 | 0.64 | 0.16 | 0.13 |
T. lusitanica | 0.04 | 0.82 | 0.00 | 0.14 |
T. ebejeri | 0.03 | 0.75 | 0.03 | 0.19 |
T. semiaptera | 0.00 | 0.37 | 0.17 | 0.47 |
T. iberica | 0.08 | 0.36 | 0.43 | 0.12 |
PRC | 0.08 | 0.69 | 0.06 | 0.17 |
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Gonçalves, A.R.; Vila-Viçosa, C.; Gonçalves, J. The Ant-like Tachydromia Complex in the Iberian Peninsula—Insights from Habitat Suitability Modelling for the Conservation of an Endemism (Diptera: Hybotidae). Insects 2021, 12, 1068. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12121068
Gonçalves AR, Vila-Viçosa C, Gonçalves J. The Ant-like Tachydromia Complex in the Iberian Peninsula—Insights from Habitat Suitability Modelling for the Conservation of an Endemism (Diptera: Hybotidae). Insects. 2021; 12(12):1068. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12121068
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonçalves, Ana Rita, Carlos Vila-Viçosa, and João Gonçalves. 2021. "The Ant-like Tachydromia Complex in the Iberian Peninsula—Insights from Habitat Suitability Modelling for the Conservation of an Endemism (Diptera: Hybotidae)" Insects 12, no. 12: 1068. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12121068