Aschersonia aleyrodis | Second and third instars on eggplant leaves were sprayed with fungal spores at 1 × 107 conidia/mL. | Mortality: Second instar: 71.21% Third instar: 69.31% Pupae: 53.36% LC50: Second instar: 7.93 × 106; third instar: 1.08 × 107; pupae: 1.56 × 107 conidia/mL LT50: 4.60 days for second instar. | China | [24] |
A. aleyrodis | First, second, and third instars on eggplant were sprayed with spores at 1 × 107 conidia/mL on eggplant leaves. | The survival of first, second, and third nymphal instars was significantly affected. | China | [93] |
A. aleyrodis | Eggs; first, second, third, fourth instars; and adults on the leaves of soybean were sprayed with 1 × 106 conidia/mL. | The highest mortality (99%) was observed for the first, second, and third instars and the lowest mortality in the adult stage. LD50: 6–7 × 106 conidia/mL LT50: 3.50–3.75 days for nymph stage; 4.50 days for adults. | Indonesia | [94] |
A. placenta | First, second, and third instars on tomato were sprayed with 1.5 mL of fungal suspension. | Mortality ranged from 93% to 100%. LD50 and LD90 values decreased with time and increased with instar. LT50 values decreased with conidial concentrations. | China | [121] |
Beauveria bassiana | Eggs and nymphs were sprayed with different concentrations on plant leaves of cotton, tomato, eggplant, and bell pepper. | Most effective isolate (Bb-01) on cotton mortality: eggs: 65.30% nymphs: 88.82% LC50 value: 2.4 × 107 spores/mL. LT50: lowest on cotton, 5.40 days | Pakistan | [96] |
B. bassiana | Nymphs and adults on tomato leaves were sprayed with different formulations of 108 spores/mL. | Reduction of the population over control in formulations: Oil: 45.86%. Talc: 29.62%. Crude: 21.63%. | India | [97] |
B. bassiana | Eggs and first, second, third, and fourth instars were immersed in 1 mL of conidia suspension for 10 min. | First and second instars were more susceptible than the third and fourth instars. Nymphs were highly susceptible compared to eggs. | Saudi Arabia | [95] |
B. bassiana | Fourth instars from cucumber, tomato, melon, green pepper, potato, eggplant, marrow, cabbage, bean, and cotton plants were immersed in 1.0 × 107 conidia/mL for 10 s. | Mortality and average survival time after 8 days of inoculation were significantly influenced by the host plants. Mean mortality ranged between 52.3 ± 7.3 for nymphs reared on cotton and 91.8 ± 5.8 for nymphs reared on cucumber. | Spain | [122] |
B. bassiana | Adult B. tabaci (2–3 days old) on cotton were sprayed with three concentrations (1 × 103, 1 × 105, and 1 × 107 spores/mL) of 1 mL of fungal suspension. | Mortality recorded at the lowest dose (1 × 103 spores/mL) was 11%, while the highest percentage mortality (56%) was recorded at a high dose of 1 × 107 spores/mL, and the recorded natural mortality was only 5%. | Egypt | [123] |
Isaria spp. | Second, third, and fourth instars were sprayed with spore concentrations in clip-screen cages on sweet potatoes. | LC50 and LT50 values when exposed to 1000 spores/mm2: LC50: second instar: 72–118 spores/mm2; third instar: 166–295 spores/mm2; fourth instar: 166–295 spores/mm2 LT50: second instar: 3 days; third instar: 4 days. | USA | [124] |
I. fumosoroseus | Eggs and first, second, third, and fourth instars on eggplants were dipped in conidia suspension (1 × 106 conidia/mL) for 2–3 s. | Most effective isolate (UPM isolate) mortality: Eggs: 91% Second instar: 90% Third instar: 86% Fourth instar: 89% LT50: 3.94 to 6.28 days. | Malaysia | [108] |
I. fumosoroseus | First, second, and third instars on cucumbers were sprayed with spores at 1 × 107 conidia/mL. | The second instar was the most susceptible life stage with mortality rate at 83% after 7 days of application. | China | [125] |
I. fumosoroseus | Second instars on eggplants were dipped in five different concentrations (1 × 103,1 × 104,1 × 105,1 × 106,1 × 107 conidia/mL) for 20 s. | LC50 values: 1.10 × 104 conidia/mL after 12 days of treatment. At a concentration of 1 × 107 conidia/mL, minimum average longevity and number of progenies produced were 9 days and 10.92 eggs/female, respectively, as compared to 16.3 days and 83.67 eggs/female for the control. | China | [104] |
Lecanicillium lecanii | Second instars on five host plants were sprayed with 107 conidia/mL. | The highest mortality was recorded in all host plants: Laboratory conditions: nymphal mortality: >90% Glasshouse conditions: nymphal mortality: 81%. | United Kingdom | [110] |
L. lecanii | Toxin emulsion was applied to female adult B. tabaci on the tomato plants. | The toxin reduced the hatching of whitefly eggs, the survival rate of the nymphs, and the emergence and fecundity of the progeny adults. | China | [126] |
L. muscarium | First, second, third, and fourth instars on tomato and verbena plants were sprayed with a fungal suspension (107 spores/mL). | First and second instar nymphs were more susceptible to L. muscarium than the third and fourth instar nymphs. | United Kingdom | [127] |
Metarhizium anisopliae | Second instar nymphs were sprayed with 107 spores/mL of three vegetable oil formulations. | The highest mortality was observed with sunflower oil followed by olive oil and maize oil formulations. | Argentina | [2] |
M. anisopliae | Second instar nymphs on eggplants were dipped into 108 conidia/mL for 10 s. | Mortality caused by two isolates under osmotic conditions was 83.9% and 83.8%. | Malaysia | [120] |
M. anisopliae | Second and fourth instars on brinjals were sprayed with 2 mL of 107, 105, 103, and 10 conidia/mL. | LC50 value: Lowest on second instar, 6.62 × 10 conidia/mL. LT50: 2.25 days | Malaysia | [118] |
M. anisopliae | Second instars on eggplants were dipped into 108 conidia/mL for 10 s. | The highest mortality of 84.3% was observed in the isolate GT3. | Malaysia | [119] |
B. bassiana, I. fumosorosea, and L. muscarium | Nymphs were sprayed with conidia at 107 conidia/mL (150 conidia/mm2). | All fungi isolates were pathogenic to whitefly nymphs. Isolates of B. bassiana and I. fumosorosea were significantly more virulent than that of L. muscarium, with > 77% nymphal mortalities. | Brazil | [5] |
B. bassiana, M. anisopliae, and I. fumosorosea | Conidia at 5 × 109 conidia/ha were sprayed on eggs; first, second, third, and fourth instars, and adult B. tabaci on the underside of the leaves to the point of runoff. | There were no significant differences in individual mortality for all life stages between the different strata (the top, middle, and bottom thirds). M. anisopliae was significantly more effective against eggs; first, second, and third instar nymphs; and pupae. | Mexico | [117] |
B. bassiana and L. lecanii | Nymphs on tomato plants were sprayed with fungal filtrate, conidia, and filtrate + conidia of two fungal strains. | In all the three bioassays, the isolate BB-72 was the most virulent, causing high mortality using all three different concentrations of the two fungal strains tested. | China | [128] |
M. anisopliae, B. bassiana, and V. lecanii | Three different concentrations (1 × 107, 1 × 108, and 1 × 109 spores/mL) were sprayed onto adult B. tabaci. | The percentage of reduction ranged between 52% and 100% in all concentrations. All the treatments caused 100% mortality with concentrations of 1 × 109 after the sixth day of application. | Egypt | [23] |
M. anisopliae, B. bassiana, and V. lecanii | Three different concentrations (2 × 103, 2 × 104, and 2 × 105 conidia/mL) were sprayed onto adult B. tabaci. | The percentage of mortality ranged between 80–100% (V. lecanii), 45–75% (B. bassiana), and 45–70% (M. anisopliae) on the seventh day after treatment. The concentration of 2 × 105 conidia/mL was highly toxic under both laboratory and field conditions. | Egypt | [129] |