The Neurophysiological Bases of the Impact of Neonicotinoid Pesticides on the Behaviour of Honeybees
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Neonicotinoids as Agonists of nAchRs
2.1. Structure of nAchRs and Binding Properties
2.2. Location of nAchRs in the Brain
2.3. Neuronal Depolarization after Neonicotinoid Binding to nAchR
3. Neuronal Plasticity Following Neonicotinoid Exposure
3.1. Changes in Gene Expression Levels
3.2. Impact on Brain Function
3.3. Impact on Brain Structure
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reference | Neonicotinoid | Treatment Duration | Minimal Dose | Effects | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gene Expression | [46] | Acetamiprid | 24 h, 48 h, 72 h | 80,000 ppb | Increased expression of nAchRα1 after 72 h |
Clothianidin | 0.3 ppb | Increased expression of nAchRα1 after 72 h | |||
Imidacloprid | 3 ppb | Increased expression of nAchRα1 after 72 h | |||
3 ppb | Increased expression of nAchRα2 after 48 h, but not after 72 h | ||||
Thiametoxam | 1 ppb | Increased expression of nAchRα1 after 48 h | |||
10 ppb | Increased expression of nAchRα1 after 72 h | ||||
1 ppb | Increased expression of nAchRα2 after 48 h, but not after 72 h | ||||
[47] | Thiametoxam | 10 days | 10 ppb | 225 upregulated genes, 384 downregulated genes | |
Increased expression of nAchRα9 and nAchRβ2 | |||||
[35] * | Acetamiprid | 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h | 10,000 ppb | Increased expression of nAchRβ1 and nAchRβ2 at 0.5 h | |
Imidacloprid | 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h | 10,000 ppb | Decreased expression of nAchRβ1 and nAchRβ2 at 1–2 h | ||
Neuronal | [51] | Imidacloprid | Larval stage (effects | 10 ppb | Decreased synaptic bouton density in the MB lateral calyces |
Structure | 20 days after eclosion) | 100 ppb | Decreased synaptic bouton density in the MB median calyces | ||
[52] * | Imidacloprid | 1, 3, 5, 7 or 10 days | 800 ppb | Increased cell death after 1 day in the optic lobes | |
8100 ppb | Increased cell death after 1 day in the mushroom bodies | ||||
[53] | Imidacloprid | 1, 4, 8 days | 14.6 ppb | Cellular alterations (mitochondria, chromatin, phagosomes) |
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Cabirol, A.; Haase, A. The Neurophysiological Bases of the Impact of Neonicotinoid Pesticides on the Behaviour of Honeybees. Insects 2019, 10, 344. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10100344
Cabirol A, Haase A. The Neurophysiological Bases of the Impact of Neonicotinoid Pesticides on the Behaviour of Honeybees. Insects. 2019; 10(10):344. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10100344
Chicago/Turabian StyleCabirol, Amélie, and Albrecht Haase. 2019. "The Neurophysiological Bases of the Impact of Neonicotinoid Pesticides on the Behaviour of Honeybees" Insects 10, no. 10: 344. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10100344