Spatial and Temporal Genetic Diversity of the Peach Potato Aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) in Tunisia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling
2.2. Genotyping
2.3. Data Analysis
2.3.1. Multilocus Genotypes (MLGs)
2.3.2. Genetic Diversity in Populations
2.3.3. Standard Population Genetic Analysis
2.3.4. Bayesian Population Genetic Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Microsatellite Polymorphism in M. Persicae Populations from Tunisia
3.2. Diversity and Distribution of Multilocus Genotypes (MLGs)
3.3. Genetic Diversity and Structure Within Populations
3.4. Genetic Differentiation Among Populations Based on the Frequency of MLGs
3.5. Genetic Differentiation Based on the Molecular Differences Among MLGs
3.6. Genetic Differentiation Based on a Bayesian Approach
4. Discussion
4.1. Clonal Diversity and Genetic Composition of M. persicae Populations in Tunisia
4.2. Genetic Differentiation Among Populations
5. Conclusions: Contribution to the Control Management of the Peach Potato Aphid
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Potato | Peach | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Locality | Spring | Autumn | Winter | Spring | Autumn | Winter |
Cap Bon | ||||||
2016 | pop1 (37) | pop2 (64) | ||||
2013 | pop3 (77) | |||||
2012 | pop4 (24) | pop5 (10) | ||||
2011 | pop6 (23) | pop7 (28) | ||||
Jendouba | ||||||
2016 | pop8 (8) | pop9 (15) | ||||
2013 | pop10 (17) | |||||
2012 | pop11 (22) | pop12 (26) | ||||
2011 | pop13 (47) | pop14 (51) | ||||
Kairouan | ||||||
2016 | pop15 (5) | pop16 (20) | ||||
2012 | pop17 (28) | |||||
2011 | pop18 (21) | pop19 (25) | ||||
Subtotal | 204 | 344 | ||||
Total aphids | 548 |
FIS | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pop | Host | Locality | Season | N | G | G/N | U/M | H | VH | D | ED | Na | A | He | Ho | LD | All Copies | One Copy | p-Value |
1 | potato | Cap Bon | spring | 37 | 28 | 0.757 | 25/3 | 3.117 | 0.946 | 0.970 | 0.727 | 7.500 | 4.74 | 0.781 | 0.548 | 8/15 | 0.269 | 0.303 | <0.01 |
4 | potato | Cap Bon | autumn | 24 | 23 | 0.958 | 22/1 | 3.120 | 0.995 | 0.996 | 0.000 | 7.000 | 4.62 | 0.779 | 0.739 | 6/15 | 0.052 | 0.053 | <0.01 |
6 | potato | Cap Bon | winter | 23 | 19 | 0.826 | 17/2 | 2.834 | 0.963 | 0.972 | 0.396 | 8.833 | 4.92 | 0.770 | 0.631 | 10/15 | 0.145 | 0.184 | <0.01 |
8 | potato | Jendouba | spring | 8 | 7 | 0.875 | 6/1 | 1.906 | 0.979 | 0.964 | 0.000 | 4.500 | 4.11 | 0.723 | 0.667 | 2/15 | 0.082 | 0.084 | NS |
10 | potato | Jendouba | winter | 17 | 14 | 0.823 | 13/1 | 2.507 | 0.949 | 0.956 | 0.000 | 5.833 | 4.50 | 0.781 | 0.643 | 5/15 | 0.150 | 0.183 | <0.01 |
11 | potato | Jendouba | winter | 22 | 14 | 0.636 | 12/2 | 2.272 | 0.861 | 0.874 | 0.235 | 8.167 | 5.52 | 0.828 | 0.714 | 3/15 | 0.087 | 0.141 | <0.01 |
13 | potato | Jendouba | winter | 47 | 25 | 0.532 | 21/4 | 2.675 | 0.831 | 0.893 | 0.590 | 6.833 | 4.48 | 0.758 | 0.647 | 9/15 | 0.009 | 0.148 | <0.01 |
15 | potato | Kairouan | spring | 5 | 5 | 1.000 | 5/0 | 1.609 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −1.000 | 4.667 | 4.67 | 0.767 | 0.567 | 2/15 | 0.284 | 0.284 | <0.01 |
18 | potato | Kairouan | winter | 21 | 20 | 0.952 | 19/1 | 2.978 | 0.994 | 0.995 | 0.000 | 8.667 | 4.98 | 0.785 | 0.617 | 5/15 | 0.208 | 0.219 | <0.01 |
Subtotal | 204 | 142 | 0.696 | 126/16 | 4.533 | 0.915 | 0.983 | 0.914 | 0.798 | 0.641 | 12/15 | ||||||||
2 | peach | Cap Bon | spring | 64 | 28 | 0.437 | 22/6 | 2.430 | 0.729 | 0.793 | 0.397 | 7.000 | 4.33 | 0.736 | 0.744 | 13/15 | −0.253 | −1.011 | <0.01 |
3 | peach | Cap Bon | spring | 77 | 41 | 0.532 | 33/8 | 3.097 | 0.834 | 0.909 | 0.634 | 8.833 | 4.83 | 0.782 | 0.581 | 12/15 | 0.170 | 0.259 | <0.01 |
5 | peach | Cap Bon | autumn | 10 | 10 | 1.000 | 10/0 | 2.302 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −1.000 | 5.500 | 4.42 | 0.749 | 0.533 | 1/15 | 0.299 | 0.299 | <0.01 |
7 | peach | Cap Bon | winter | 28 | 28 | 1.000 | 28/0 | 3.332 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −1.000 | 7.500 | 4.57 | 0.745 | 0.571 | 1/15 | 0.237 | 0.237 | <0.01 |
9 | peach | Jendouba | spring | 15 | 11 | 0.733 | 8/3 | 2.303 | 0.961 | 0.952 | 0.687 | 5.667 | 4.42 | 0.758 | 0.773 | 12/15 | −0.057 | −0.020 | NS |
12 | peach | Jendouba | winter | 26 | 26 | 1.000 | 26/0 | 3.258 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −1.000 | 8.333 | 4.51 | 0.731 | 0.487 | 3/15 | 0.338 | 0.338 | <0.01 |
14 | peach | Jendouba | winter | 51 | 51 | 1.000 | 51/0 | 3.932 | 0.999 | 1.000 | −1.000 | 8.333 | 4.51 | 0.746 | 0.614 | 4/15 | 0.178 | 0.178 | <0.01 |
16 | peach | Kairouan | spring | 20 | 18 | 0.900 | 16/2 | 2.857 | 0.988 | 0.989 | 0.529 | 6.667 | 4.43 | 0.745 | 0.555 | 6/15 | 0.241 | 0.260 | <0.01 |
17 | peach | Kairouan | winter | 28 | 27 | 0.964 | 26/1 | 3.283 | 0.996 | 0.997 | 0.000 | 7.000 | 4.41 | 0.745 | 0.660 | 2/15 | 0.115 | 0.115 | <0.01 |
19 | peach | Kairouan | winter | 25 | 23 | 0.920 | 22/1 | 3.087 | 0.984 | 0.990 | 0.000 | 7.000 | 4.38 | 0.752 | 0.688 | 0/15 | 0.065 | 0.086 | NS |
Subtotal | 344 | 262 | 0.762 | 240/22 | 5.196 | 0.933 | 0.988 | 0.808 | 0.775 | 0.617 | 10/15 | ||||||||
Whole Sample | 548 | 397 | 0.724 | 360/37 | 5.585 | 0.933 | 0.992 | 0.912 | <0.001 |
Genotype | Number of Sampled Aphids | Frequency | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Whole Sample | Peach | Potato | ||
G6 | 30 | 0.054 | 0.084 | 0.005 |
G247 | 22 | 0.040 | 0.064 | - |
G370 | 18 | 0.033 | 0.009 | 0.073 |
G331 | 17 | 0.031 | - | 0.083 |
G334 | 9 | 0.016 | - | 0.044 |
G182 | 7 | 0.013 | 0.020 | - |
G77 | 5 | 0.091 | 0.012 | 0.005 |
G159 | 5 | 0.091 | 0.009 | 0.010 |
G214/G383 | 5 | 0.091 | - | 0.024 |
G192 | 4 | 0.073 | 0.012 | - |
G328/G388 | 4 | 0.073 | - | 0.020 |
G162/G269 | 3 | 0.005 | 0.009 | - |
G278 | 3 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.005 |
G368 | 3 | 0.005 | 0.003 | 0.010 |
G371 | 3 | 0.005 | - | 0.015 |
G28/G55/G71/G84/G161/G163/G216/G231/G248/G253/G270/G298 | 2 | 0.004 | 0.006 | - |
G124/G186/G187/G330/G336/G340 | 2 | 0.004 | - | 0.010 |
G369 | 2 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.005 |
16 multicopy genotypes from potato | 78 | 0.142 | - | 0.382 |
22 multicopy genotypes from peach | 104 | 0.190 | 0.302 | - |
37 multicopy genotypes over the whole sample | 188 | 0.343 |
pop1 | pop2 | pop3 | pop4 | pop5 | pop6 | pop7 | pop8 | pop9 | pop10 | pop11 | pop12 | pop13 | pop14 | pop15 | pop16 | pop17 | pop18 | pop19 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pop1 | |||||||||||||||||||
pop2 | 0.050 | ||||||||||||||||||
pop3 | 0.049 | 0.044 | |||||||||||||||||
pop4 | 0.040 | 0.072 | 0.060 | ||||||||||||||||
pop5 | 0.056 | 0.032 | 0.036 | 0.054 | |||||||||||||||
pop6 | 0.034 | 0.070 | 0.036 | 0.018 | 0.039 | ||||||||||||||
pop7 | 0.038 | 0.041 | 0.035 | 0.028 | 0.024 NS | 0.001 NS | |||||||||||||
pop8 | 0.020 NS | 0.075 | 0.053 | 0.001 NS | 0.063 | 0.015 NS | 0.018 NS | ||||||||||||
pop9 | 0.076 | 0.071 | 0.046 | 0.060 | 0.077 | 0.061 | 0.060 | 0.080 | |||||||||||
pop10 | 0.027 NS | 0.067 | 0.035 | 0.009 NS | 0.057 | 0.024 NS | 0.043 | 0.000 NS | 0.053 | ||||||||||
pop11 | 0.037 | 0.075 | 0.041 | 0.020 NS | 0.071 | 0.029 | 0.052 | 0.008 NS | 0.060 | 0.004 NS | |||||||||
pop12 | 0.055 | 0.041 | 0.045 | 0.074 | 0.043 | 0.035 | 0.031 | 0.069 | 0.080 | 0.054 | 0.066 | ||||||||
pop13 | 0.064 | 0.082 | 0.081 | 0.002 NS | 0.054 | 0.039 | 0.044 | 0.021 NS | 0.097 | 0.033 | 0.037 | 0.092 | |||||||
pop14 | 0.039 | 0.034 | 0.030 | 0.037 | 0.026 | 0.040 | 0.013 | 0.035 | 0.068 | 0.038 | 0.060 | 0.052 | 0.054 | ||||||
pop15 | 0.044 NS | 0.048 | 0.054 NS | 0.014 NS | 0.003 NS | 0.014 NS | 0.013 NS | 0.034 NS | 0.079 | 0.027 | 0.040 NS | 0.046 NS | 0.007 NS | 0.035 NS | |||||
pop16 | 0.050 | 0.049 | 0.022 | 0.050 | 0.066 | 0.036 | 0.035 | 0.054 | 0.018 NS | 0.044 NS | 0.066 | 0.070 | 0.083 | 0.035 | 0.063 NS | ||||
pop17 | 0.055 | 0.043 | 0.034 | 0.030 | 0.054 | 0.032 | 0.021 | 0.057 | 0.026 | 0.042 | 0.059 | 0.054 | 0.064 | 0.027 | 0.050 | 0.010 NS | |||
pop18 | 0.046 | 0.077 | 0.036 | 0.020 | 0.056 | 0.018 NS | 0.025 | −0.000 NS | 0.047 | 0.014 NS | 0.006 NS | 0.052 | 0.045 | 0.049 | 0.044 NS | 0.047 | 0.039 | ||
pop19 | 0.027 | 0.050 | 0.034 | 0.007 NS | 0.046 | 0.016 NS | 0.016 NS | −0.004 NS | 0.059 | 0.010 NS | 0.023 | 0.055 | 0.036 | 0.019 | 0.032 NS | 0.033 | 0.016 | 0.010 NS |
(A) | Cap Bon | Jendouba | Kairouan | (B) | Cap Bon | Jendouba | Kairouan |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cap Bon | - | Cap Bon | - | ||||
Jendouba | 0.017 * | - | Jendouba | 0.002 | - | ||
Kairouan | 0.019 * | 0.010 * | - | Kairouan | 0.007 * | 0.008 * | - |
(A) | Autumn | Spring | Winter | (B) | Autumn | Spring | Winter |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Autumn | - | Autumn | - | ||||
Spring | 0.033 * | - | Spring | 0.020 * | - | ||
Winter | 0.004 | 0.024 * | - | Winter | 0.005 | 0.009 * | - |
(A) | 2016 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | (B) | 2016 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | - | 2016 | - | ||||||
2013 | 0.024 * | - | 2013 | 0.015 * | - | ||||
2012 | 0.005 * | 0.040 * | - | 2012 | 0.008 * | 0.015 * | - | ||
2011 | 0.008 * | 0.051 * | 0.009 * | - | 2011 | 0.012 * | 0.018 * | 0.004 | - |
Source of Variations | df | Sum of | Variance | Percentage | Fixation | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Squares | Components | Variation | Indices | |||
(A) 19 Populations (all data) | ||||||
Among populations | 18 | 219.954 | 0.17294 | 7.22 | FST: 0.07225 | 0.00000 |
Among individuals within populations | 529 | 1305.616 | 0.24727 | 10.33 | FIS: 0.11134 | 0.00000 |
Within individuals | 548 | 1081.500 | 1.97354 | 82.44 | FIT: 0.17555 | 0.00000 |
(B) 19 Populations (single copy per genotype) | ||||||
Among populations | 18 | 119.093 | 0.08998 | 3.78 | FST: 0.03781 | 0.00000 |
Among individuals within populations | 400 | 1081.083 | 0.41281 | 17.34 | FIS: 0.18027 | 0.00000 |
Within individuals | 419 | 786.500 | 1.87709 | 78.87 | FIT: 0.21127 | 0.00000 |
(C) M. persicae Pooled According to Geographical Origin (single copy per genotype) | ||||||
Among populations | 2 | 11.359 | 0.01049 | 0.44 | FST: 0.00441 | 0.02151 |
Among individuals within populations | 414 | 1180.714 | 0.48474 | 20.39 | FIS: 0.20477 | 0.00000 |
Within individuals | 417 | 785.000 | 1.88249 | 79.17 | FIT: 0.20828 | 0.00000 |
(D) M. persicae Pooled According to Season of Sampling (single copy per genotype) | ||||||
Among populations | 2 | 14.846 | 0.02053 | 0.86 | FST: 0.00861 | 0.00000 |
Among individuals within populations | 414 | 1177.227 | 0.48052 | 20.16 | FIS: 0.20335 | 0.00000 |
Within individuals | 417 | 785.000 | 1.88249 | 78.98 | FIT: 0.21021 | 0.00000 |
(E) M. persicae Pooled According Year of Sampling (single copy per genotype) | ||||||
Among populations | 3 | 22.920 | 0.02424 | 1.02 | FST: 0.01018 | 0.00000 |
Among individuals within populations | 413 | 1169.153 | 0.47419 | 19.92 | FIS: 0.20121 | 0.00000 |
Within individuals | 417 | 785.000 | 1.88249 | 79.07 | FIT: 0.20934 | 0.00000 |
(F) M. persicae Pooled According to Host Plant (single copy per genotype) | ||||||
Among populations | 1 | 18.553 | 0.04269 | 1.78 | FST: 0.01784 | 0.00000 |
Among individuals within populations | 402 | 1136.309 | 0.47582 | 19.88 | FIS: 0.20241 | 0.00000 |
Within individuals | 404 | 757.500 | 1.87500 | 78.34 | FIT: 0.21663 | 0.00000 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Hlaoui, A.; Boukhris-Bouhachem, S.; Sepúlveda, D.A.; Correa, M.C.G.; Briones, L.M.; Souissi, R.; Figueroa, C.C. Spatial and Temporal Genetic Diversity of the Peach Potato Aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) in Tunisia. Insects 2019, 10, 330. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10100330
Hlaoui A, Boukhris-Bouhachem S, Sepúlveda DA, Correa MCG, Briones LM, Souissi R, Figueroa CC. Spatial and Temporal Genetic Diversity of the Peach Potato Aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) in Tunisia. Insects. 2019; 10(10):330. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10100330
Chicago/Turabian StyleHlaoui, Amen, Sonia Boukhris-Bouhachem, Daniela A. Sepúlveda, Margarita C.G. Correa, Lucía M. Briones, Rebha Souissi, and Christian C. Figueroa. 2019. "Spatial and Temporal Genetic Diversity of the Peach Potato Aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) in Tunisia" Insects 10, no. 10: 330. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10100330