Surface Hierarchy: Macroscopic and Microscopic Design Elements for Improved Sliding on Ice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Contact Area and Surface Topography
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of the Sliding Block
2.1.1. Polishing for a Curved Sliding Base
2.1.2. Milling and Final Polishing
2.1.3. Laser Machining
2.2. Measurement of Texture
2.3. Sliding Speed
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Milled Surface Grooves Influence Sliding Speed
3.2. Characterization of Laser-Grooved Blocks
- Sa—the arithmetic mean height of asperities.
- Ssk—skewness to indicate peaks or holes above the mean plane.
- Sku—kurtosis to represent the sharpness of peaks.
- Spd—density of peas per unit area.
- Spc—the arithmetic mean peak curvature shows whether the asperity is pointed or rounded.
3.3. Quantification of Contact Area
3.4. Sliding Speed of Laser-Grooved Blocks
3.5. Further Considerations on the Contact Area
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Conditions | Milled Block | Laser-Machined Blocks | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Milled | Repolished | Ice1 | Ice2 | |
Air humidity | 65% | 63% | 68% | 63% |
Air temperature | −1.0 °C | −3.0 °C | −1.2 °C | −4.3 °C |
Ice temperature | −4.0 °C | −8.0 °C | −2.2 °C | −7.8 °C |
Texture Parameters | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sa Nm | Ssk | Sku | Spd pks/mm2 | Spc 1/m | |
Laser-grooved block, along pileups | |||||
50 μm | 581.1 | 1.04 | 3.53 | - | - |
100 μm | 65.3 | 0.15 | 5.03 | - | - |
150 μm | 49.4 | 1.23 | 8.51 | - | - |
Laser-grooved block, polished zone | |||||
50 μm | 7.7 | −0.02 | 3.09 | 7971 | 0.029 |
100 μm | 6.3 | −0.09 | 2.97 | 5440 | 0.026 |
150 μm | 6.4 | 0.02 | 2.89 | 3823 | 0.021 |
Milling-grooved block | |||||
polished | 13.4 | −0.96 | 10.7 | 20654 | 0.126 |
Environmental Conditions | Sliding Block Surface | Sliding | Error | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Tice (°C) | Preparation (Groove Width) | Form (mm) | Sa (mm) | Speed (m/s) | (%) |
w/o enclosure | −4.0 | milled 400 mm | 2 | - | - | 0.96 |
“ | −8.0 | milled 400 mm, polished | 2 | 13 | 2.216 | 0.80 |
enclosure | −2.2 | polished, laser 50 mm | 16 | 581 | 2.101 | 0.33 |
“ | −2.2 | “ 100 mm | 12 | 65 | 2.139 | 0.70 |
“ | −2.2 | “ 150 mm | 10 | 49 | 2.187 | 0.36 |
“ | −7.8 | “ 50 mm | 16 | 581 | 2.159 | 0.55 |
“ | −7.8 | “ 100 mm | 12 | 65 | 2.181 | 0.50 |
“ | −7.8 | “150 mm | 10 | 49 | 2.220 | 0.22 |
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Gross, K.A.; Lungevics, J.; Jansons, E.; Jerane, I.; Wood, M.J.; Kietzig, A.-M. Surface Hierarchy: Macroscopic and Microscopic Design Elements for Improved Sliding on Ice. Lubricants 2021, 9, 103. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants9100103
Gross KA, Lungevics J, Jansons E, Jerane I, Wood MJ, Kietzig A-M. Surface Hierarchy: Macroscopic and Microscopic Design Elements for Improved Sliding on Ice. Lubricants. 2021; 9(10):103. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants9100103
Chicago/Turabian StyleGross, Karlis Agris, Janis Lungevics, Ernests Jansons, Ilze Jerane, Michael J. Wood, and Anne-Marie Kietzig. 2021. "Surface Hierarchy: Macroscopic and Microscopic Design Elements for Improved Sliding on Ice" Lubricants 9, no. 10: 103. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants9100103