Determining Evolution of Cosmological Constant, Gravitational Constant and Speed of Light Using Nonadiabatic Cosmological Model and LLR Findings
Macronix Research Corporation, 9 Veery Lane, Ottawa, ON K1J 8X4, Canada
Galaxies 2019, 7(3), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies7030067
Received: 18 April 2019 / Revised: 20 June 2019 / Accepted: 20 June 2019 / Published: 26 June 2019
We have shown that the Hubble constant embodies the information about the evolutionary nature of the cosmological constant , gravitational constant , and the speed of light . We have derived expressions for the time evolution of and dark energy density related to by explicitly incorporating the nonadiabatic nature of the universe in the Friedmann equation. We have found and, for redshift , . Since the two expressions are related, we believe that the time variation of (and therefore that of and ) is manifested as dark energy in cosmological models. When we include the null finding of the lunar laser ranging (LLR) for and relax the constraint that is constant in LLR measurements, we get and . Further, when we adapt the standard CDM model for the dependency of rather than it being a constant, we obtain surprisingly good results fitting the SNe Ia redshift vs distance modulus data. An even more significant finding is that the new CDM model, when parameterized with low redshift data set ( ), yields a significantly better fit to the data sets at high redshifts ( ) than the standard ΛCDM model. Thus, the new model may be considered robust and reliable enough for predicting distances of radiation emitting extragalactic redshift sources for which luminosity distance measurement may be difficult, unreliable, or no longer possible.
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Keywords:
galaxies; supernovae; LLR; SNe 1a; distances and redshifts; variable physical constants; distance scale; cosmology theory; cosmological constant; Hubble constant; general relativity; TMT; nonadiabatic universe
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MDPI and ACS Style
Gupta, R.P. Determining Evolution of Cosmological Constant, Gravitational Constant and Speed of Light Using Nonadiabatic Cosmological Model and LLR Findings. Galaxies 2019, 7, 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies7030067
AMA Style
Gupta RP. Determining Evolution of Cosmological Constant, Gravitational Constant and Speed of Light Using Nonadiabatic Cosmological Model and LLR Findings. Galaxies. 2019; 7(3):67. https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies7030067
Chicago/Turabian StyleGupta, Rajendra P. 2019. "Determining Evolution of Cosmological Constant, Gravitational Constant and Speed of Light Using Nonadiabatic Cosmological Model and LLR Findings" Galaxies 7, no. 3: 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies7030067
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