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Review

Looking at the Data on Smoking and Post-COVID-19 Syndrome—A Literature Review

by
Antigona Carmen Trofor
1,2,
Daniela Robu Popa
1,*,†,
Oana Elena Melinte
1,2,†,
Letiția Trofor
3,
Cristina Vicol
1,†,
Ionela Alina Grosu-Creangă
1,2,†,
Radu Adrian Crișan Dabija
1,2 and
Andrei Tudor Cernomaz
1
1
Discipline of Pneumology, III-rd Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania
2
Clinical Hospital of Pulmonary Diseases, 700116 Iasi, Romania
3
Private Practice in Psychiatry, 06800 Nice, France
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
PhD student.
J. Pers. Med. 2024, 14(1), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14010097
Submission received: 19 November 2023 / Revised: 3 January 2024 / Accepted: 9 January 2024 / Published: 16 January 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Epidemiology)
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Abstract

Long COVID is a recently described entity that is responsible for significant morbidity and that has consequences ranging from mild to life-threatening. The underlying mechanisms are not completely understood, and treatment options are currently limited, as existing data focus more on risk factors and predictors. Smoking has been reported as a risk factor for poor outcomes of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and seems to also play a role in mediating post-COVID-19 symptoms. We aimed to review relevant work addressing the interaction between smoking and long COVID in order to characterize smoking’s role as a risk factor and possibly identify new research directions. Methods: The PubMed/MEDLINE database was searched using the keywords ‘smoking’, ‘long COVID’, and ‘post-acute COVID’ to identify relevant English-language articles published up to October 2023. Results and conclusions: From the 374 initial hits, a total of 36 papers were deemed relevant to the aim of the review. There was significant variability concerning the ways in which tobacco usage was quantified and reported; still, there is compelling evidence linking smoking to an increased risk of developing manifestations of post-acute-COVID disease. Some clinical conditions, such as dyspnea, cardiovascular symptoms, and cognitive or mental-health impairment, seem to be relatively strongly associated with smoking, while the connection between smoking and upper-airway involvement seems less certain. The available data support recommending smoking cessation as a clinical tool for the prevention of long COVID.
Keywords: post-COVID-19 syndrome; smoking; risk factors post-COVID-19 syndrome; smoking; risk factors

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MDPI and ACS Style

Trofor, A.C.; Robu Popa, D.; Melinte, O.E.; Trofor, L.; Vicol, C.; Grosu-Creangă, I.A.; Crișan Dabija, R.A.; Cernomaz, A.T. Looking at the Data on Smoking and Post-COVID-19 Syndrome—A Literature Review. J. Pers. Med. 2024, 14, 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14010097

AMA Style

Trofor AC, Robu Popa D, Melinte OE, Trofor L, Vicol C, Grosu-Creangă IA, Crișan Dabija RA, Cernomaz AT. Looking at the Data on Smoking and Post-COVID-19 Syndrome—A Literature Review. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2024; 14(1):97. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14010097

Chicago/Turabian Style

Trofor, Antigona Carmen, Daniela Robu Popa, Oana Elena Melinte, Letiția Trofor, Cristina Vicol, Ionela Alina Grosu-Creangă, Radu Adrian Crișan Dabija, and Andrei Tudor Cernomaz. 2024. "Looking at the Data on Smoking and Post-COVID-19 Syndrome—A Literature Review" Journal of Personalized Medicine 14, no. 1: 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14010097

APA Style

Trofor, A. C., Robu Popa, D., Melinte, O. E., Trofor, L., Vicol, C., Grosu-Creangă, I. A., Crișan Dabija, R. A., & Cernomaz, A. T. (2024). Looking at the Data on Smoking and Post-COVID-19 Syndrome—A Literature Review. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 14(1), 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14010097

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