Relationship between Body Composition and Cardiac Autonomic Regulation in a Large Population of Italian Olympic Athletes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Protocol
2.1.1. Body Composition
2.1.2. Autonomic Evaluation and Exercise Stress Test
2.1.3. Subjective Somatic Stress Symptoms
2.2. Statistics
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. ANSIs as a Proxy of Cardiac Autonomic Regulation in Athletes
4.2. Body Composition in Olympic Athletes
4.3. Relationship between Body Composition and Autonomic Cardiac Regulation
4.4. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Units | Definition |
---|---|---|
Alpha Index | ms/mmHg | Alpha index is a frequency domain index of cardiac baroreflex |
BRS | ms/mmHg | Cardiac baroreflex sensitivity |
HR | beat/min | Heart rate, i.e., number of cardiac beats per minute |
RR mean | ms | RR interval obtained from a single lead ECG tachogram |
RR TP | ms2 | RR total variance obtained from a single lead ECG tachogram |
RR LFa | ms2 | Absolute power (a) of low frequency (LF) autoregressive spectral component of RR variability (V) |
RR HFa | ms2 | Absolute power (a) of high frequency (HF) spectral component of RRV |
RR LFnu | nu | Normalized power (nu) of low frequency (LF) spectral component of RRV |
RR HFnu | nu | Normalized power (nu) of high frequency (HF) spectral component of RRV |
RR LF/HF | . | Numerical ratio between LF and HF spectral powers from tachogram |
ΔLFnu | . | Difference in LF power in nu between stand and rest |
RR Ro | . | Tachogram index of self-similarity (range 0–1) |
RR P_0v | . | Frequency of tachogram three beat pattern, no variations |
RR P_2uv | . | Frequency of tachogram three beat pattern, unlike variations |
AC | msc | Acceleration capacity index of the tachogram |
DC | ms | Deceleration capacity index of the tachogram |
SAP | mmHg | Systolic arterial pressure (resting) |
DAP | mmHg | Diastolic arterial pressure (resting) |
SAP Mean | mmHg | Mean values of continuous systolic arterial pressure recordings during rest |
SAP TP | mmHg2 | Systolic arterial pressure variance (resting) |
SAP LFa | mmHg2 | Absolute power (a) of low frequency (LF) autoregressive spectral component of SAP variability |
SAP HFa | mmHg2 | Absolute power (a) of high frequency (LF) autoregressive spectral component of SAP variability |
BMI | Kg/m2 | Body mass index |
WC | cm | Waist circumference |
BSA | m2 | Body surface area |
FM% | % | Fat mass percent (BOD POD) |
FFM% | % | Fat free mass percent (BOD POD) |
Fat Mass | kg | Measured fat mass (BOD POD) |
FatFreeMass | kg | Measured fat free mass (BOD POD) |
Body Mass | kg | Measured body mass (BOD POD) |
Body Volume | L | Volume of overall body |
Chol TOT | mg/dL | Fasting total cholesterol (plasma) |
HDL | mg/dL | Fasting high-density cholesterol (plasma) |
LDL | mg/dL | Fasting low-density cholesterol (plasma) |
TG | mg/dL | Fasting triglyceride (plasma) |
GLUC | mg/dL | Fasting glucose (plasma) |
Stress perception | . | Perception of stress |
Fatigue perception | . | Perception of fatigue |
4SQ | . | Subjective stress-related somatic symptoms questionnaire |
ANSIs | % | Percentile ranked Autonomic Nervous System Index for sports |
Variables | Females | Males | All | Sig (2-Tailed) |
---|---|---|---|---|
n | 230 | 353 | 583 | (F vs. M) |
Age (years) | 23.00 ± 4.00 | 24.00 ± 4.00 | 23.00 ± 4.00 | 0.842 |
Weight (kg) | 62.00 ± 6.00 | 79.00 ± 7.00 | 72.00 ± 9.00 | <0.001 |
Height (m) | 1.70 ± 0.05 | 1.83 ± 0.07 | 1.78 ± 0.08 | <0.001 |
SAP (mmHg) | 111.00 ± 6.00 | 125.00 ± 7.00 | 119.00 ± 9.00 | <0.001 |
DAP (mmHg) | 62.00 ± 4.00 | 65.00 ± 5.00 | 64.00 ± 4.00 | <0.001 |
WC (cm) | 75.00 ± 5.00 | 84.00 ± 4.00 | 81.00 ± 5.50 | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 21.30 ± 1.23 | 23.29 ± 1.49 | 22.63 ± 1.80 | <0.001 |
Variables | Females | Males | All | Sig (2-Tailed) |
---|---|---|---|---|
FM% (%) | 19.35 ± 3.55 | 11.10 ± 3.00 | 13.50 ± 4.90 | <0.001 |
FFM% (%) | 80.65 ± 3.55 | 88.80 ± 3.00 | 86.40 ± 5.00 | <0.001 |
Fat Mass (kg) | 11.91 ± 3.10 | 8.65 ± 2.94 | 10.05 ± 3.35 | <0.001 |
FatFreeMass (kg) | 50.51 ± 4.47 | 69.43 ± 6.90 | 61.80 ± 9.67 | <0.001 |
Body Mass (kg) | 62.57 ± 6.08 | 78.46 ± 7.77 | 72.60 ± 9.30 | <0.001 |
Body Volume (L) | 59.13 ± 5.80 | 73.40 ± 7.35 | 68.44 ± 8.72 | <0.001 |
BSA (m2) | 1.72 ± 0.11 | 2.00 ± 0.13 | 1.89 ± 0.16 | <0.001 |
Variables | Females | Males | All | Sig (2-Tailed) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chol TOT (mg/dL) | 182 ± 22 | 168 ± 20 | 173 ± 22 | <0.001 |
HDL (mg/dL) | 74 ± 10 | 61 ± 9 | 66 ± 10 | <0.001 |
LDL (mg/dL) | 93 ± 18 | 91 ± 18 | 92 ± 18 | 0.989 |
TG (mg/dL) | 64 ± 13 | 64 ± 17 | 64 ± 15 | 0.624 |
GLUC (mg/dL) | 92 ± 4 | 95 ± 4 | 94 ± 4 | <0.001 |
Stress perception (.) | 2 ± 2 | 2 ± 2 | 2 ± 2 | 0.120 |
Fatigue perception (.) | 3 ± 2 | 3 ± 2 | 3 ± 2 | 0.387 |
4SQ (.) | 17 ± 14 | 12 ± 11 | 14 ± 12 | 0.006 |
Variables | Females | Males | All | Sig (2-Tailed) |
---|---|---|---|---|
HR (bpm) | 59.70 ± 7.23 | 57.73 ± 6.37 | 58.28 ± 6.57 | 0.029 |
RR mean (ms) | 1005.02 ± 120.85 | 1039.38 ± 112.94 | 1029.57 ± 116.14 | 0.029 |
RR TP (ms2) | 3672.69 ± 1902.73 | 3356.49 ± 1610.03 | 3493.89 ± 1716.71 | 0.374 |
RR LFa (ms2) | 638.86 ± 339.92 | 918.18 ± 505.07 | 784.14 ± 446.78 | <0.001 |
RR HFa (ms2) | 1484.47 ± 1008.77 | 918.61 ± 615.45 | 1120.38 ± 761.38 | <0.001 |
RR LFnu (nu) | 30.94 ± 12.62 | 42.86 ± 15.20 | 38.43 ± 14.59 | <0.001 |
RR HFnu (nu) | 62.94 ± 14.45 | 50.75 ± 15.39 | 56.24 ± 15.37 | <0.001 |
RR LF/HF | 0.48 ± 0.28 | 0.86 ± 0.49 | 0.68 ± 0.41 | <0.001 |
Alpha Index (ms/mmHg) | 27.80 ± 8.93 | 22.80 ± 7.98 | 24.80 ± 8.51 | <0.001 |
BRS (ms/mmHg) | 24.70 ± 9.47 | 21.16 ± 8.82 | 22.15 ± 9.03 | 0.007 |
RR Ro (.) | 0.22 ± 0.06 | 0.23 ± 0.07 | 0.22 ± 0.06 | 0.076 |
SAP Mean (mmHg) | 110.84 ± 10.12 | 125.58 ± 9.79 | 118.86 ± 11.02 | <0.001 |
SAP TP (mmHg2) | 13.12 ± 7.64 | 24.64 ± 14.16 | 19.97 ± 11.96 | <0.001 |
SAP LFa (mmHg2) | 1.81 ± 1.13 | 2.82 ± 1.79 | 2.33 ± 1.48 | <0.001 |
SAP HFa (mmHg2) | 0.92 ± 0.50 | 1.14 ± 0.68 | 1.03 ± 0.59 | 0.086 |
Δ LF (nu) | 45.47 ± 13.28 | 39.09 ± 15.60 | 42.65 ± 14.51 | 0.002 |
ANSIs (%) | 49.81 ± 25.95 | 50.58 ± 24.04 | 50.28 ± 25.00 | 0.692 |
RRP_0v (.) | 8.80 ± 5.22 | 14.00 ± 7.50 | 11.50 ± 6.34 | <0.001 |
RRP_2uv (.) | 31.62 ± 10.51 | 26.47 ± 9.98 | 28.38 ± 10.15 | <0.001 |
AC (ms) | 2.95 ± 0.52 | 3.12 ± 0.59 | 3.05 ± 0.57 | 0.006 |
DC (ms) | 3.47 ± 0.93 | 2.96 ± 0.96 | 3.16 ± 0.98 | 0.032 |
Latent Domain | Standardized B Coefficient (*) | t (**) | Significance (**) | ∆Pseudo R2 (***) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | −0.545 | −13.170 | <0.001 | 0.171 |
2 | 0.064 | 1.533 | 0.126 | 0.004 |
3 | −0.130 | −3.080 | 0.002 | 0.012 |
4 | 0.254 | 6.251 | <0.001 | 0.049 |
5 | 0.029 | 0.584 | 0.559 | 0.001 |
6 | 0.615 | 14.247 | <0.001 | 0.204 |
Model quality measures: Pseudo R2 = 0.397; Mean Absolute Error (MAE) = 14.883 |
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Lucini, D.; Spataro, A.; Giovanelli, L.; Malacarne, M.; Spada, R.; Parati, G.; Solaro, N.; Pagani, M. Relationship between Body Composition and Cardiac Autonomic Regulation in a Large Population of Italian Olympic Athletes. J. Pers. Med. 2022, 12, 1508. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12091508
Lucini D, Spataro A, Giovanelli L, Malacarne M, Spada R, Parati G, Solaro N, Pagani M. Relationship between Body Composition and Cardiac Autonomic Regulation in a Large Population of Italian Olympic Athletes. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2022; 12(9):1508. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12091508
Chicago/Turabian StyleLucini, Daniela, Antonio Spataro, Luca Giovanelli, Mara Malacarne, Raffaella Spada, Gianfranco Parati, Nadia Solaro, and Massimo Pagani. 2022. "Relationship between Body Composition and Cardiac Autonomic Regulation in a Large Population of Italian Olympic Athletes" Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 9: 1508. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12091508