Problem-Solving Treatment for People Recently Diagnosed with Visual Impairment: Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
Participants
- adults (≥18 years of age);
- community-dwelling (i.e., not living in a care home);
- diagnosed with severe, irreversible sight loss, or registered as sight impaired (partially sighted) or severely sight impaired (blind) within the previous 3 months.
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Outcomes and Assessments
- (i)
- psychological distress, as measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [20];
- (ii)
- (iii)
- (iv)
- problem-solving ability, measured by the Social Problem Solving Inventory—Revised: Short [25];
- (v)
- self-efficacy, measured by the Generalized Self-efficacy Scale [26].
2.3.1. Randomisation Procedures
2.3.2. Intervention and Control Groups
2.4. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Recruitment and Retention
3.2. Participants
3.3. Primary Outcome Analyses
3.4. Secondary Outcome Analyses
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Problem-Solving Treatment (N = 29) | No Treatment (N = 32) | |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | 70.9 (19.5) | 75.6 (15.8) |
Female | 18 (62.1) | 17 (53.1) |
Severely sight impaired (blind) | 12 (41.4) | 14 (43.8) |
Cause of vision impairment: macular degeneration | ||
13 (44.8) | 15 (46.9) | |
WEMBS | ||
Raw score | 45.7 (11.2) | 50.5 (7.2) |
Rasch score | 21.8 (4.4) | 23.6 (2.9) |
HADS | ||
Anxiety | 6.1 (4.0) | 4.6 (4.1) |
Depression | 7.4 (4.4) | 5.8 (3.2) |
Total | 13.5 (7.3) | 10.5 (6.9) |
IVIQ | ||
Mobility and independence | 1.6 (0.5) | 1.8 (0.5) |
Emotion and well-being | 1.9 (0.5) | 2.1 (0.6) |
Reading and information | 1.7 (0.6) | 1.9 (0.6) |
Total score | 1.7 (0.5) | 1.9 (0.5) |
Rasch total score | 51.5 (6.5) | 53.5 (6.1) |
VISQOL | ||
Injure | 0.7 (0.3) | 0.7 (0.3) * |
Cope | 0.7 (0.3) | 0.8 (0.2) |
Friendships | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) |
Assistance | 0.9 (0.2) | 1.0 (0.1) |
Roles | 0.6 (0.4) | 0.7 (0.4) |
Confidence | 0.8 (0.3) | 0.8 (0.3) |
Total Dimension Score | 0.6 (0.3) | 0.7 (0.2) |
Life Spaces Questionnaire | 4.9 (1.8) | 4.7 (1.8) * |
Independent Mobility | ||
Total score | 2.7 (0.8) | 2.4 (0.9) |
Rasch score | −0.2 (1.0) | −0.6 (1.4) |
SPSIRS total score | 12.2 (0.9) n = 24 | 12.1 (0.5) n = 21 |
Self-efficacy score | 2.9 (0.7) | 2.9 (0.4) |
WEMBS Score | PST | No PST | Treatment Effect (95% CI) | Overall Treatment Effect (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | 45.7 (11.2) | 50.5 (7.2) | - | ||
3 months | 50.3 (9.6) | 48.0 (9.8) | 2.61 (0.27, 4.95) | 2.44 | |
6 months | 49.3 (11.2) | 49.8 (6.9) | 1.78 (−0.60, 4.16) | (0.40 | 0.019 |
9 months | 50.2 (12.0) | 47.0 (12.2) | 3.11 (0.53, 5.69) | 4.47) |
PST | No PST | Treatment Effect (95% CI) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
HADS Anxiety | ||||
At baseline | 6.1 (4.0) | 4.6 (4.1) | −1.29 (−2.39, −0.18) | 0.022 |
At 3 months | 5.1 (3.6) | 5.3 (4.2) | ||
At 6 months | 5.2 (3.9) | 4.3 (3.1) | ||
At 9 months | 4.7 (3.6) | 5.6 (4.5) | ||
HADS Depression | ||||
At baseline | 7.4 (4.4) | 5.8 (3.2) | −1.33 (−2.62, −0.05) | 0.042 |
At 3 months | 5.5 (3.0) | 6.4 (3.6) | ||
At 6 months | 6.7 (4.4) | 6.2 (2.0) | ||
At 9 months | 5.9 (3.7) | 6.5 (3.5) | ||
HADS Total | ||||
At baseline | 13.5 (7.3) | 10.4 (6.9) | −2.76 (−4.92, −0.60) | 0.012 |
At 3 months | 10.6 (5.6) | 11.7 (6.9) | ||
At 6 months | 11.9 (7.2) | 10.4 (4.1) | ||
At 9 months | 10.7 (6.2) | 12.1 (7.4) | ||
IVIQ Total Score | ||||
At baseline | 1.7 (0.5) | 1.9 (0.5) | 0.23 (0.08, 0.37) | 0.002 |
At 3 months | 1.8 (0.5) | 1.8 (0.4) | ||
At 6 months | 1.9 (0.5) | 1.8 (0.4) | ||
At 9 months | 1.9 (0.5) | 1.8 (0.5) | ||
IVIQ Rasch Total Score | ||||
At baseline | 51. 5 (6.5) | 53.5 (6.1) | 3.50 (1.49, 5.51) | <0.001 |
At 3 months | 53.0 (7.0) | 51.8 (5.7) | ||
At 6 months | 54.2 (7.9) | 51.9 (4.6) | ||
At 9 months | 54.1 (7.4) | 52.5 (6.0) | ||
VISQOL Total Dimension Score | ||||
At baseline | 0.6 (0.3) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.07 (−0.02, 0.16) | 0.112 |
At 3 months | 0.6 (0.3) | 0.6 (0.3) | ||
At 6 months | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.7 (0.3) | ||
At 9 months | 0.6 (0.3) | 0.6 (0.3) | ||
Life Spaces Questionnaire Score | ||||
At baseline | 4.9 (1.8) | 4.7 (1.8) | 0.22 (−0.31, 0.75) | 0.418 |
At 3 months | 4.8 (1.8) | 4.7 (1.5) | ||
At 6 months | 4.9 (2.0) | 4.3 (2.0) | ||
At 9 months | 4.6 (2.2) | 4.4 (2.0) | ||
Independent Mobility Total Score | ||||
At baseline | 2.6 (0.8) | 2.4 (0.9) | −0.05 (−0.29, 0.18) | 0.650 |
At 3 months | 2.6 (0.8) | 2.3 (0.8) | ||
At 6 months | 2.6 (0.8) | 2.4 (0.6) | ||
At 9 months | 2.7 (0.9) | 2.5 (1.0) | ||
Independent Mobility Rasch Score | ||||
At baseline | −0.2 (1.0) | −0.6 (1.4) | −0.11 (−0.46, 0.25) | 0.550 |
At 3 months | −0.3 (1.2) | −0.7 (1.3) | ||
At 6 months | −0.3 (1.2) | −0.5 (0.9) | ||
At 9 months | −0.1 (1.2) | −0.3 (1.3) | ||
SPSIRS Total Score | ||||
At baseline | 12.2 (0.9) | 12.1 (0.5) | 0.14 (−0.09, 0.38) | 0.239 |
At 6 months | 3.8 (0.7) | 3.6 (0.7) | ||
At 9 months | 3.7 (0.9) | 3.3 (0.8) | ||
Self Efficacy Score | ||||
At baseline | 2.8 (0.7) | 2.9 (0.4) | 0.27 (0.06, 0.49) | 0.011 |
At 6 months | 3.1 (0.7) | 3.0 (0.5) | ||
At 9 months | 3.1 (0.8) | 2.7 (0.5) |
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Riazi, A.; Aspden, T.; Rubin, G.; Ambler, G.; Jichi, F.; Mynors-Wallice, L.; O’Driscoll, M.; Walters, K. Problem-Solving Treatment for People Recently Diagnosed with Visual Impairment: Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial. J. Pers. Med. 2022, 12, 1431. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12091431
Riazi A, Aspden T, Rubin G, Ambler G, Jichi F, Mynors-Wallice L, O’Driscoll M, Walters K. Problem-Solving Treatment for People Recently Diagnosed with Visual Impairment: Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2022; 12(9):1431. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12091431
Chicago/Turabian StyleRiazi, Afsane, Trefor Aspden, Gary Rubin, Gareth Ambler, Fatima Jichi, Laurence Mynors-Wallice, Miriam O’Driscoll, and Kate Walters. 2022. "Problem-Solving Treatment for People Recently Diagnosed with Visual Impairment: Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial" Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 9: 1431. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12091431