Next Article in Journal
Combination Therapies for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Next Article in Special Issue
Management of the Two-Week Wait Pathway for Skin Cancer Patients, before and during the Pandemic: Is Virtual Consultation an Option?
Previous Article in Journal
Association between Present Teeth and Muscle Strength in Older People in Korea
Previous Article in Special Issue
Demographic Patterns of MS Patients Using BRISA: An MS-Specific App in Germany
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
JPM
Volume 12
Issue 7
10.3390/jpm12071165
jpm-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

The COVID-19 Pandemic as an Impulse for the Development of Telemedicine in Primary Care in Poland

by
Kamila Furlepa
1,*,†,
Andrzej Śliwczyński
1,*,†,
Karolina Kamecka
2,
Remigiusz Kozłowski
3,
Izabela Gołębiak
4,
Dominika Cichońska-Rzeźnicka
5,
Michał Marczak
2 and
Wojciech Michał Glinkowski
6,7
1
Satellite Campus in Warsaw, University of Humanities and Economics in Lodz, 90-212 Lodz, Poland
2
Department of Management and Logistics in Healthcare, Medical University of Lodz, 90-131 Lodz, Poland
3
Center of Security Technologies in Logistics, Faculty of Management, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
4
Lazarski University, 02-662 Warsaw, Poland
5
Department of Social Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-131 Lodz, Poland
6
Center of Excellence “TeleOrto” for Telediagnostics and Treatment of Disorders and Injuries of the Locomotor System, Department of Medical Informatics and Telemedicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-581 Warsaw, Poland
7
Polish Telemedicine and eHealth Society, 03-728 Warsaw, Poland
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
J. Pers. Med. 2022, 12(7), 1165; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12071165
Submission received: 5 June 2022 / Revised: 13 July 2022 / Accepted: 14 July 2022 / Published: 18 July 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Health and Telemedicine: Their Contribution to Personalized and Precision Medicine)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Telemedicine gives a safe and effective way of providing healthcare. During the COVID-19 pandemic, it was possible to offer teleconsultations in primary care (Primary Care Teleconsultation-PCT). The study aimed to present an analysis of the PCTs served in the years 2020–2021 in the field of primary care in Poland to determine how the COVID-19 pandemic contributed to the development of telemedicine in primary care in Poland. The database, containing a list of medical services provided remotely obtained from the National Health Fund, was analyzed. Economic and tax indicators obtained from the Ministry of Finance were also analyzed. Personal Income Tax (PIT) value was used as an indicator of household wealth, and the Corporate Income Tax (CIT) was used as an indicator of economic activity in individual counties for 2019. Along with the COVID-19 pandemic, patients as healthcare beneficiaries can take advantage of previously unserved telemedicine services as part of primary care. The data analysis showed that, along with the introduced recommendations and restrictions in connection with the pandemic, the number of teleconsultations in 2021 increased compared to 2020. In response to the pandemic, an educational campaign targeted older patients. These indicate the most significant percentage of PCTs among patients aged 70 and older. The study shows that the awareness barrier in implementing services for the elderly population decreased significantly. There was a clear correlation between the increase in PCTs and patient age.

1. Introduction

Recently, telemedicine (TM) has been widely accepted as a safe and effective way to deliver healthcare [1,2,3], used by physicians of many specialties. In principle, it should be assumed that telemedicine means ‘healing at a distance’, which was first coined in the 1970s [4,5], which entails using information and communication technologies to improve patient outcomes by increasing access to care and medical information. Telemedicine, as described by the WHO, refers to: “The delivery of healthcare services, where distance is a critical factor, by all healthcare professionals using information and communication technologies for the exchange of valid information for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease and injuries, research and evaluation, and for the continuing education of healthcare providers, all in the interests of advancing the health of individuals and communities” [6]. According to the approach recommended by the Polish Telemedicine and eHealth Society, the term “telemedicine” refers to healthcare services, along with professional and legal liability [7] on equal terms with a personally provided healthcare service. The described approach has been legally sanctioned in Poland [8]. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly intensified the transformation of telemedicine since the beginning of 2020 and accelerated the transition to remote consultations (patient/physician teleconsultations and physician/physician teleconsultations) in medicine [9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16]. Lockdown has accelerated the implementation of TM in most countries around the world [3,17,18,19]. The role of TM is rapidly evolving across medical specialties [9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]. Teleconsultations and remote examinations of patients have become part of everyday medical practice and have become an experience familiar to patients [22].
In Poland, it has been possible since 2015 to legally provide remote healthcare services, based on Article 3, paragraph 1 of the Act on Medical Activity, which stipulates that “Medical activity consists in delivering medical services. These services may be provided through ICT(Information and Communication Technology) or communication systems [23]. Due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, reimbursable teleconsultation can be provided as part of primary care from August 2020” [24]. The rapid adoption of telemedicine in various specialties and countries has shown promising results, with high satisfaction indices recorded [25], due to the ability to provide high-quality care to patients with a minimized risk of disease transmission.
Primary care is defined as a fundamental and universal healthcare system unit based on practice, science, and acceptable methods. It provides universal access for all citizens and their full participation in close relation to a given country’s financial capacity [26]. Medical teleconsultations are carried out through an ICT system or communication system, which in practice means mainly the use of mobile phones and the Internet (they can also take the form of text, verbal, and image transmission) [14,27]. In Poland, it is broadly understood that telemedicine services are a tool of consultation between healthcare professionals and patients, provided on many levels, but also a tool of consultation between healthcare professionals, such as physicians, nurses, or midwives.
Many barriers were indicated in the analysis conducted before the COVID-19 pandemic concerning telemedicine services [28]. In many countries, the COVID-19 pandemic contributed to increased tele-visits provided in primary care. Similarly, in Poland, with the first cases of COVID-19 infection, physicians began providing tele-visits as part of primary care [29].
This study aims to present an analysis of primary care teleconsultations served in the years 2020–2021 in Poland, in the context of determining how the COVID-19 pandemic contributed to the development of telemedicine in primary care in Poland.

2. Materials and Methods

A database, containing a list of healthcare services provided remotely, was obtained from the National Health Fund (NFZ), the only public payer for healthcare services in Poland. All of the available data on PCTs in Poland were used for research purposes, in the form of tables and graphs. The tables used a color scale to visualize the differences better. The color intensity selection mechanism in the Excel spreadsheet was used, in which the red color means the highest value in a given set, and the green color is the lowest. The database contained information collected in the years 2020–2021, with the reservation that the data for 2021 may be slightly adjusted in 2022 due to settling healthcare services, which ends in April–May 2022. The data for 2019 were not included in the analysis, due to the course of the pandemic in Poland compared to other countries, as the first case of SARS-CoV-2 in Poland was diagnosed in March 2020. As a result of the rapid spread of the pandemic, the teleconsultations within primary care began [29]. Economic data were obtained from the Ministry of Finance. The Personal Income Tax (PIT) value was used as an indicator of household wealth. The Corporate Income Tax (CIT) was used to indicate economic activity in individual counties for 2019. The mean values, medians, and Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated for the voivodeships. The relationships were calculated for pairs of variables: average and median PIT and CIT values and the frequency of teleconsultations per 10,000 residents [14].
The calculations were carried out for the economic and tax data for 2019, to eliminate the impact of lockdowns in 2020 and 2021. The data derived from the Ministry of Finance were aggregated at the voivodeship level. The relationship between the number of patients who used the PCT, with average and median values per county in an individual voivodeship, was examined. When giving a teleconsultation, a physician is entitled to issue prescriptions, sick leave notes, referrals, or orders for additional tests or healthcare services. The course of a medical teleconsultation (virtual visit) is documented in the patient’s electronic medical record [14].
The patient data were aggregated and not analyzed individually, which allowed for compliance with the condition of protecting sensitive personal data. The analysis was completed with a breakdown by age presented in 5-year age groups, in line with the groups reported in the official statistics of Statistics Poland (GUS-chief government executive agency charged with collecting and publishing statistics related to the country’s economy, population, and society, at the national and local levels). Due to the necessity of making comparisons between the voivodeships, the analysis results were presented based on the population of a given voivodeship, according to Statistics Poland. The data for the statistical calculations were prepared in a spreadsheet. The statistical analysis was performed using the TIBCO Statistica® data analysis software system, version 13. (TIBCO Software Inc. 2017—Tulsa, OK, USA).

3. Results

Although physicians have been able to offer teleconsultations to patients through ICT and communication systems since 2015, the use of such opportunities has been infrequent. In the years 2020–2021, the number of PCTs increased. Table 1 presents the incidence of PCT per 10,000 residents.
The highly urbanized Zachodniopomorskie and Mazowieckie voivodeships dominated in both years, with many PCTs. In the following 2021, some of the voivodeships achieved indicators exceeding 10,000. These were the following voivodeships: Zachodniopomorskie, Mazowieckie, Pomorskie, Dolnośląskie, Łódzkie, and Śląskie. The highest increase in the primary care teleconsultations (PCT) ratio per 10,000 inhabitants was recorded in the Lubelskie and Podlaskie voivodeships. The incidence of PCTs provided in these two voivodeships increased over five times. The PCT incidence decrease was not observed in any of the voivodeships (Table 1, Figure 1).
Figure 1 shows the incidence growth of the number of PCTs in the individual National Health Fund regional branches. In 2021, the lowest rate recorded in the Podkarpackie voivodeship was over 1.8 times higher than the highest rate in 2020 (Zachodniopomorskie voivodeship).
The distribution of the PCTs served, in age groups, is presented in Figure 2.
Among the patients receiving primary care teleconsultations in 2020 and 2021, the most numerous group were people aged 70 and older (24% of all of the PCTs). It should be remembered that Poland’s expected average survival age in 2020 was 77 years [30].
Table 2 shows the relationship between the age groups and the provided PCTs. The color scale visualizes the position of a number in a series of values, from red being the highest value to green being the lowest value. There was an increase in the percentage of the PCTs served in 2020 and 2021. The rate of the PCTs given increases with the age, starting from the 15–19 age group. However, this dependence does not apply to the 0–14 age group.
Table 2 and Table 3 use a color scale to show the lowest, highest, and intermediate values. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated for the indicators of patients who received a PCT per 10,000 inhabitants, according to the average and median values of PIT and CIT in individual voivodeships. The average amount of PIT in 2019 for the percentage of patients who received a PCT in 2020 was 0.47; in 2021—0.57. The average amount of CIT in 2019 for the percentage of patients who received a PCT in 2020 was 0.311; in 2021—0.248, and the median in 2020, respectively, 0.013; and in 2021—0.081. According to the description of Pearson’s correlation function, a weak negative correlation ranges from −0.5 to 0.0, a weak positive correlation ranges from 0.0 to 0.5, a strong negative correlation ranges from −1,0 to −0.5, and a strong positive correlation from 0.5 to 1.0.
In addition, the correlation regarding the average amount of PIT in 2019 with the rate of patients provided with a teleconsultation in 2021 has a value of 0.57, which means a strong positive correlation. Other results indicate a weak positive correlation in the case of the analysis of the average amounts of PIT and CIT. Meanwhile, in the case of the median, which better reflects the finance of the voivodeship population only in the case of the median PIT, the value indicated a weak positive correlation in the case of PIT, while in the case of CIT, the correlation can be considered insignificant.

4. Discussion

In the Polish healthcare system, managed by the Ministry of Health and three local government levels, the only public payer for healthcare services is the National Health Fund. Their services are based on 16 regional branches [30,31,32]. The presented results were obtained based on the data on healthcare services financed from the compulsory health insurance. Around 91% of Polish citizens are covered by mandatory insurance, and the remaining element of the uninsured are primarily people living outside the country (who do not pay taxes and contributions related to work in Poland). Under the compulsory health insurance system, people who are not insured are entitled to medical care only in emergencies. Health insurance provides beneficiaries with access to healthcare services that comprise, among others, primary care, outpatient specialist services, and inpatient services. Despite having health insurance, many people decide to obtain subscribed medical services or fully private medical services, paid directly from the patient’s pocket [30].
The right to use primary care services is granted to persons declared on the patient list and persons holding the European Health Insurance Card under the provisions on coordination [33]. The primary care services are provided to a patient by a chosen family physician. The benefits include night and holiday outpatient assistance, visiting medical services, and patient transport [26]. Thanks to this organization, TM made it possible to provide medical care to quarantined patients and offer services to people exposed to infection with a virus of very high virulence. As part of the healthcare services, there are also services performed using telemedicine solutions, based on article 3, paragraph 1 of the Act on Medical Activity, which stipulates the provision of “healthcare services” which may “be provided through ICT or communication systems” [24]. An important issue related to the provision of medical services using telehealth tools is increasing the safety of patients and healthcare personnel [28].
Observing the development of telemedicine in the primary care phenomenon, several phases of PCT implementation in Poland should be indicated. During the pre-pandemic period, very few or no teleconsultation pilots or only experimental services were provided, and reimbursement was not available. During the initial stages of PCT use, a rise in interest among physicians was observed, since the reimbursement value for PCT was officially set at the end of 2019. Initially, there was only an outline of telemedicine use, instead of guidelines regarding the physician’s requirements for providing PCT services to the patient. With a simplification of the technical requirements, PCT consultations were accepted over the phone, as in many countries [34,35,36,37]. The diagnosis verification tools, such as viewing the patient’s medical images, were not systemically implemented. The simplest interview became the primary medical information source noted in the Electronic Health Record. Officially available and analyzed data allow for their presentation in the results subsection. Thus, the compilation of the quantitative results became the basis for analysis and discussion in the proposed study. The qualitative data were not available when conducting the analyses for this study. The financial factors played a role in driving and supporting the adoption of telemedicine solutions. At the beginning of the pandemic period, PCTs were encouraged by the regulations, due to the rising SARS-CoV-2 infection risk [38]. During the midperiod of the pandemic, the situation had changed, and many primary care physicians did not want to return to face-to-face medical services. However, the primary care physicians face-to-face services were encouraged again [33].
According to the analyzed material, there was an apparent increase in the use of teleconsultation with age. Most likely, it is related to the increasing number of diseases occurring with individual age. The adopted PCTs model fully accepted the possibility of teleconsulting primary care over the phone. The analyzed material does not allow for a discussion of the telemedicine tools used during the PCT.
Telehealth combines diagnostics, consultations, treatment, health education, care management, and self-care. The patient participates in telehealth, understood in this context as two-way electronic communication, which brings the patient benefits in the form of time savings and reduces the costs incurred [39]. Telemedicine, a state of providing medical services and healthcare through telecommunications’ tools, is associated with barriers to its adoption. One of the barriers to the implementation of telemedicine services in Poland is the awareness barrier. It applies to supporting medical care for the elderly. There was a noticeable opposition to adopting non-traditional models and the fear that remote research would not be credible [28].
The pandemic forced a more efficient adoption of telemedicine services, and the telehealth tools increased the availability of more personalized medical services [40]. The search for safer alternatives for the patient and medical staff to the traditional medical services easily found telemedicine as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The implemented solutions focused on the discussed primary care telemedicine and all of the medical specialties, including telerehabilitation and telemonitoring [41].
Teleconsultation is an example of a telemedicine solution of communication at a distance in healthcare, focused on diagnosing disorders [42], and as a part of telerehabilitation systems in posthospital patient care [15].
In March 2020, the state of the epidemic was announced in Poland. In response to the epidemic, restrictions were gradually introduced to reduce coronavirus transmission. During a routine visit, the patients waiting for an appointment in the waiting room or during transport to a healthcare facility could expose themselves, other patients, or healthcare personnel to infections [43,44]. In August 2020, the regulations for the PCT standards were published. In November 2020, the National Health Fund announced medical teleconsultations in primary care clinics to serve patients during the coronavirus pandemic. A list of the primary care facilities in all of the voivodeships was also announced. In January 2021, the first stage of vaccination against COVID-19 began. People over 60 years of age were the first group of patients who had the opportunity to be vaccinated against COVID-19. From March 2021, new rules for using medical visits in clinics were introduced. A primary care physician could not refuse a face-to-face visit to a patient who refuses PCT and has no suspicion of COVID-19 infection [45].
Nevertheless, in 2021, the percentage of seniors using the services of PCT was still the highest, and significantly increased compared to the previous year. In response to the increased number of coronavirus infections, another lockdown was introduced in March 2021, which increased the number of served medical teleconsultations (Table 1, Figure 1). The number of patients accessing teleconsultations increased with age, resulting from an effective educational campaign addressed to seniors (they were asked to limit their activity related to leaving home and interpersonal contacts) (Table 2). The benefits of introducing telemedicine services are noticeable, not only in the case of considering telemedicine as a way of counteracting the spread of SARS-CoV-2. This is evidenced by other countries’ experience, where telemedicine developed well before the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2. Finland is an example of such a country. By introducing e-health services in Finland, patients received more personalized healthcare. Through e-consultations, patients living in regions with difficult access have the opportunity to use the services, which contributes to a faster diagnosis [30].
Along with telemedicine services, time and cost savings, and improvements in treatment were observed. By introducing the “e-prescription” monitoring system, the number of overused drugs, inadequate ways of consuming them, and combining them with other medications decreased, increasing patient safety [30,46,47,48]. According to the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, in response to COVID-19, telemedicine solutions have also been implemented in other European countries [30]. In Croatia, in the first 12 months after the announcement of the COVID-19 pandemic, it was registered that 42% of the population was provided with a teleconsultation, which was 3% more than the European Union average. The number of medical teleconsultations in Denmark has similarly increased in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Medical teleconsultations increased the total number of consultations by 9% in 2020 compared with 2019, despite reduced face-to-face appointments. In Finland, in January–February 2020, the number of appointments with primary care physicians was 6.8 million and decreased by 1 million in April–May 2020. In the following months, the number of medical consultations exceeded eight million per month, and the number of medical teleconsultations increased from 0.1 million to 1.2 million on average per month in 2020. In France, several measures were taken to increase access to telemedicine services. The number of medical consultations and teleconsultations reached one million per week in April 2020, and, compared with the previous month, this number increased by 90%. The cost of the telemedicine services was covered entirely by the Health Insurance System. In Germany, it was reported that 23% of citizens were provided with a teleconsultation during the first 12 months of the pandemic. In Slovenia, 96% of e-prescriptions were issued in 2020, and about 65% of the citizens were supplied with a teleconsultation within 12 months [30].

Strengths and Limitations

The study was conducted based on statistical data from the National Health Fund, including public health data for Poland. The dataset is limited to 2020 and 2021, due to the duration of the pandemic. The study failed to assess the scope of PCT and the entirety of the services offered to patients, whether there were only simple e-prescriptions or more sophisticated techniques used for medical services. The study was limited to primary care, so other specialties were not considered. However, this analysis will be an appropriate topic for the following research.
The research’s undisputed advantage is the study’s scale, which covers over 38 million citizens of the country. To the authors, no other studies have been conducted on this scale. An additional limitation of the conducted research is taking into account only data from the public sector, which does not constitute 100% coverage of medical services. Obtaining data from the private and subscription services industry, which have recently gained importance, could, to some extent, reduce the bias of the analysis carried out.
Due to the reporting period, the data were unavailable, and so the year 2022 was not included in the study.

5. Conclusions

The data analysis shows that COVID-19 provided an impulse for developing telemedicine in primary care. Before the pandemic, the only services within primary care that used telemedicine tools were consultations between medical professionals. Introducing recommendations to minimize the exposure to COVID-19 meant that beneficiaries began to use teleconsultation provided as part of primary care. COVID-19, along with the presented recommendations, was an impulse to minimize barriers, not only legal but also awareness. Due to the introduced legal regulations, patients used direct visits only when they were necessary, due to the patient’s health condition. The high percentage of PCTs administered to older patients proves the reduction in the telemedicine awareness barrier. The most common beneficiaries of PCTs carried out in 2020 and 2021 were patients aged 70 and older.
Healthcare services provided remotely or with remote communication devices are becoming part of medical services and are more and more often used by medical professionals and patients. The healthcare industry has experienced a change in how medical services are provided during the COVID-19 pandemic. The benefits resulting from implementing projects and telemedicine solutions are visible in the highly developed and developing countries. Research supports the idea that telemedicine is at least as good as conventional services, in terms of effectiveness, cost, and patient outcomes [25,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60]. The use of telemedicine tools as an alternative to traditional healthcare services has positively influenced the participants in the healthcare sector. The skillful use of telemedicine solutions can increase the efficiency and quality of medical services provided, through faster diagnosis, patient education about their health, and the number of potential patients. Teleconsultations increase epidemiological safety, and significantly reduce the exposure of patients and healthcare personnel to the direct transmission of a virus vector and the spread of infection.
By introducing recommendations to minimize the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the interest in using telemedicine services worldwide increased, and telemedicine has become a way of using healthcare services.
The attempt to summarize the factors influencing the successful implementation of PCTs indicates three important factors: 1. reduction in barriers in telemedicine (seen as increasing use of PCT with age); 2. reimbursement (based on published regulations [38]; and 3. avoiding the risk of contact and infection with a highly infectious pathogen [61,62].
Currently, PCTs are still continuing to be provided to patients, and are an excellent addition to the medical services provided. Initial distance interviews with triage elements are used to assess the need for the patient’s physical presence during the consultation. The development of research methods, medical knowledge, and new technologies make it possible to increase the possibility of a safe and reliable medical examination at a distance, at the patient’s home, without needing a direct visit.
Future research should focus on PCTs’ quality, implementation of new tools supporting tele-diagnostics and tele-treatment, the satisfaction of both doctors and patients participating in telemedicine consultations, and necessary patient-reported outcomes.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, K.F. and A.Ś.; methodology, K.F., A.Ś. and R.K.; software, K.K. and R.K.; validation, M.M. and W.M.G.; formal analysis, K.F., K.K. and D.C.-R.; investigation, R.K. and I.G.; resources, K.F. and A.Ś.; data curation, K.F.; writing—original draft preparation, K.F. and K.K.; writing—review and editing, A.Ś., R.K., D.C.-R. and W.M.G.; visualization, I.G. and D.C.-R.; supervision, M.M. and W.M.G.; project administration, I.G.; funding acquisition, K.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was financed from the EU-financed InterDoktorMen project (POWR.03.02.00-00-I027/16).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Patient consent was waived because patient data were aggregated and not analyzed individually, which allowed for compliance with the condition of protecting sensitive personal data.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Souza, M.; Fioretti, A.; Vincentin, A.; Botelho, R.; Vasconcellos, C. Effectiveness of telemedicine in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Rev. Assoc. Médica Bras. 2021, 67, 1427–1431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Laub, N.; Agarwal, A.; Shi, C.; Sjamsu, A.; Chaiyachati, K. Delivering Urgent Care Using Telemedicine: Insights from Experienced Clinicians at Academic Medical Centers. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 2021, 37, 707–713. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Mahmoud, M.; Daboos, M.; Gouda, S.; Othman, A.; Abdelmaboud, M.; Hussein, M.; Akl, M. Telemedicine (virtual clinic) effectively delivers the required healthcare service for pediatric ambulatory surgical patients during the current era of COVID-19 pandemic: A mixed descriptive study. J. Pediatr. Surg. 2022, 57, 630–636. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Strehle, E.; Shabde, N. One hundred years of telemedicine: Does this new technology have a place in pediatrics? Arch. Dis. Child. 2006, 91, 956–959. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  5. Bashshur, R. On the Definition and Evaluation of Telemedicine. Telemed. J. 1995, 1, 19–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Ryu, S. Telemedicine: Opportunities and Developments in the Member States: Report on the Second Global Survey on eHealth 2009 (Global Observatory for eHealth Series, Volume 2). Healthc. Inform. Res. 2012, 18, 153. Available online: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44497 (accessed on 14 April 2022). [CrossRef]
  7. Glinkowski, W. (Ed.) Advances in International Telemedicine and eHealth. In Around the World, 1st ed.; MediPage: Warsaw, Poland, 2006; p. 171. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273764498_ADVANCES_IN_INTERNATIONAL_TELEMEDICINE_AND_eHEALTH (accessed on 14 April 2022).
  8. Jacennik, B.; Wysocki, P.; Langrand, C.; Jankowska, A.K.; Sadowska, M.; Glinkowski, W. Regulacje prawne i wytyczne dobrych praktyk dla świadczenia telekonsultacji—na przykładzie Polski. In Interdyscyplinarne Wyzwania Nauk o Zdrowiu; Medical University of Bialystok: Bialystok, Poland, 2021; pp. 27–56. Available online: https://www.umb.edu.pl/photo/pliki/WNoZ_jednostki/wnoz-z-zintegrowanej-opieki-medycznej/monografie/interdyscyplinarne-wyzwania-nauk-o-zdrowiu-skompresowany.pdf (accessed on 14 April 2022).
  9. Sahni, M.; Choudhry, J.; Mittal, A.; Bhogal, G. Remote Musculoskeletal Consultations: A Survey of General Practitioner Registrars’ Level of Confidence, Acceptability, and Management. Cureus 2021, 13, e15084. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Byrne, M. Telehealth and the COVID-19 Pandemic. J. PeriAnesthesia Nurs. 2020, 35, 548–551. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Haque, S. Telehealth Beyond COVID-19. Psychiatr. Serv. 2021, 72, 100–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Moore, M.; Munroe, D. COVID-19 Brings About Rapid Changes in the Telehealth Landscape. Telemed. E-Health 2021, 27, 382–384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Sclafani, A.; Shomorony, A.; Stewart, M.; Grunstein, E.; Overdevest, J. Telemedicine lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic: The augmented outpatient otolaryngology teleconsultation. Am. J. Otolaryngol. 2021, 42, 102960. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Regulation of the Minister of Health of 12 August 2020 on the Organizational Standard of Teleconsultations in Primary Health Care. Available online: https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20200001395 (accessed on 14 April 2022).
  15. Kamecka, K.; Rybarczyk-Szwajkowska, A.; Staszewska, A.; Engelseth, P.; Kozlowski, R. Process of Posthospital Care Involving Telemedicine Solutions for Patients after Total Hip Arthroplasty. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Kellish, A.S.; Hakim, A.; Shahi, A.; Gutowski, C.J.; Kleiner, M.T. The Delivery of Orthopaedic Care midst COVID-19 and Social Distancing. Arch. Bone Jt. Surg. 2021, 9, 371–378. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  17. Drake, C.; Lian, T.; Cameron, B.; Medynskaya, K.; Bosworth, H.; Shah, K. Understanding Telemedicine’s “New Normal”: Variations in Telemedicine Use by Specialty Line and Patient Demographics. Telemed. E-Health 2022, 28, 51–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Cadilhac, D.; Prvu Bettger, J. Health Policy and Health Services Delivery in the Era of COVID-19. Stroke 2021, 52, 2177–2179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Wang, E.; Real, I.; David-Wang, A.; Rubio, D.A.; Gaston, C.L.; Quintos, A.J.; Dimayuga, C.; Dacanay, E. Lessons Learned: Patient Communication During the Pandemic. Malays. Orthop. J. 2021, 15, 12–15. [Google Scholar]
  20. Chin, B.; Nashi, N.; Lin, S.; Yik, K.; Tan, G.; Kagda, F. Telemedicine use in orthopaedics: Experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. J. Telemed. Telecare 2021, 28, 373–379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Greif, D.; Shallop, B.; Rizzo, M.; Cade, W.; Letter, M.; Muñoz, J.; Baraga, M.; Kaplan, L. Telehealth in an Orthopedic Sports Medicine Clinic: The First 100 Patients. Telemed. E-Health 2021, 27, 1275–1281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Lops, K. Cross-border Telemedicine. Master Health Economics, Policy and Law. 2011. Available online: http://hdl.handle.net/2105/9020 (accessed on 14 April 2022).
  23. Flaga-Gieruszyńska, K.; Kożybska, M.; Osman, T.; Radlińska, I.; Zabielska, P.; Karakiewicz-Krawczyk, K.; Jurczak, A.; Karakiewicz, B. Telemedicine services in the work of a doctor, dentist, nurse and midwife—Analysis of legal regulations in Poland and the possibility of their implementation on the example of selected European countries. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 2020, 27, 680–688. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Ordinance No. 132/2020/DSOZ of the President of the National Health Fund. Available online: https://www.nfz.gov.pl/zarzadzenia-prezesa/zarzadzenia-prezesa-nfz/zarzadzenie-nr-1322020dsoz,7225.html (accessed on 14 April 2022).
  25. Ramaswamy, A.; Yu, M.; Drangsholt, S.; Ng, E.; Culligan, P.; Schlegel, P.; Hu, J. Patient Satisfaction With Telemedicine During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Retrospective Cohort Study. J. Med. Internet Res. 2020, 22, e20786. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Kabala, A.; Nowacka, A.; Pawłowska, E. POZ w Polsce Struktura, Zadania, Funkcje; PZWL Wydawnictwo Lekarskie: Warsaw, Poland, 2017; pp. 9–58. [Google Scholar]
  27. Ustawa z Dnia 27 Października 2017 r. o Podstawowej Opiece Zdrowotnej. Available online: https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU20170002217/T/D20172217L.pdf (accessed on 14 April 2022).
  28. Furlepa, K.; Tenderenda, A.; Kozłowski, R.; Marczak, M.; Wierzba, W.; Śliwczyński, A. Recommendations for the Development of Telemedicine in Poland Based on the Analysis of Barriers and Selected Telemedicine Solutions. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  29. Wróbel, K.; Milewska, A.J.; Marczak, M.; Kozłowski, R. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Composition of Dietary Supplements and Functional Foods Notified in Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11751. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  30. OECD/European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. Country Health Profiles 2021. Available online: https://www.oecd.org/health/country-health-profiles-eu.htm (accessed on 14 April 2022).
  31. WHO European Centre for Primary Health Care: Annual Report of Activities 2018. 2019. Available online: https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/Health-systems/primary-health-care/publications/2019/who-european-centre-for-primary-health-care-annual-report-of-activities-2018-2019 (accessed on 14 April 2022).
  32. Glinkowski, W.; Karlinska, M.; Karlinski, M.; Krupinski, E. Telemedicine and eHealth in Poland from 1995 to 2015. Adv. Clin. Exp. Med. 2018, 27, 277–282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  33. Ordinance No. 112/2021/DSOZ of the President of the National Health Fund of 24 June 2021, Amending the Ordinance on the Conditions for the Conclusion and Implementation of Contracts for the Provision of Healthcare Services in Primary Care. Available online: https://www.nfz.gov.pl/zarzadzenia-prezesa/zarzadzenia-prezesa-nfz/zarzadzenie-nr-1122021dsoz,7375.html (accessed on 14 April 2022).
  34. Bali, S.; Singh, A.J. Mobile phone consultation for community health care in rural north India. J. Telemed. Telecare 2007, 13, 421–424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. Day, K.; Hunter, I.; Rao, V.; Russell, G.; Roskvist, R.; Moir, F.; Gill, E.; van der Werf, B. Survey protocol for exploring video and phone use in Aotearoa New Zealand general practice: Considerations for future telehealth. BMJ Health Care Inform. 2021, 28, e100309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  36. Garcia Bermudez, I.; Gonzalez Manso, M.; Sanchez Sanchez, E.; Rodriguez Hita, A.; Rubio Rubio, M.; Suarez Fernandez, C. Usefulness and acceptance of telephone monitoring by a virtual assistant for patients with COVID-19 following discharge. Rev. Clin. Esp. 2021, 221, 464–467. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Gomes-de Almeida, S.; Marabujo, T.; do Carmo-Goncalves, M. Telemedicine satisfaction of primary care patients during COVID-19 pandemics. Semergen 2021, 47, 248–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Ordinance No. 39/2020/DSOZ of the President of the National Health Fund of 18 March 2020, Amending the Ordinance on the Conditions for the Conclusion and Implementation of Contracts for the Provision of Healthcare Services in the Primary Care. Available online: https://www.nfz.gov.pl/zarzadzenia-prezesa/zarzadzenia-prezesa-nfz/zarzadzenie-nr-392020dsoz,7150.html (accessed on 11 July 2022).
  39. Manocchia, A. Telehealth: Enhancing Care through Technology. Rhode Isl. Med. J. 2020, 103, 18–20. [Google Scholar]
  40. Stefanakis, M.; Batalik, L.; Papathanasiou, J.; Dipla, L.; Antoniou, V.; Pepera, G. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation programs in the era of COVID-19: A critical review. Rev. Cardiovasc. Med. 2021, 22, 1143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Rogalska, A.; Syrkiewicz-Świtała, M. The role of e-health in the COVID-19 pandemic. In Zdrowie i Style Życia: Ekonomiczne, Społeczne i Zdrowotne Skutki Pandemii; Nowak, W., Szalonka, K., Eds.; Wydział Prawa, Administracji i Ekonomii Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego: Wrocław, Poland, 2021; pp. 203–215. [Google Scholar]
  42. Gawinski, L.; Burzynska, M.; Kamecka, K.; Kozlowski, R. Practical Aspects of the Use of Telematic Systems in the Diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndrome in Poland. Medicina 2022, 58, 554. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Haleem, A.; Javaid, M.; Singh, R.; Suman, R. Telemedicine for healthcare: Capabilities, features, barriers, and applications. Sens. Int. 2021, 2, 100117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Moghadas, A.; Jamshidi, M.; Shaderam, M. Telemedicine in healthcare system. In Proceedings of the World Automation Congress 2008, Waikoloa, HI, USA, 28 September–2 October 2008; pp. 1–6. [Google Scholar]
  45. Ordinance of the Minister of Health of 5 March 2021. Amending the Ordinance on the Organizational Standard of Teleconsultation in Primary Care. Available online: https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20210000427 (accessed on 5 July 2022).
  46. Weingart, S.; Hamrick, H.; Tutkus, S.; Carbo, A.; Sands, D.; Tess, A.; Davis, R.; Bates, D.; Phillips, R. Medication safety messages for patients via the web portal: The MedCheck intervention. Int. J. Med. Inform. 2008, 77, 161–168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  47. Galligioni, E.; Piras, E.; Galvagni, M.; Eccher, C.; Caramatti, S.; Zanolli, D.; Santi, J.; Berloffa, F.; Dianti, M.; Maines, F.; et al. Integrating mHealth in Oncology: Experience in the Province of Trento. J. Med. Internet Res. 2015, 17, e114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  48. Lim, E.; Chen, C.; Tan, E. Remote Prescription During Pandemic: Challenges and Solutions. Arch. Med. Res. 2021, 52, 450–452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. McMaster, T.; Wright, T.; Mori, K.; Stelmach, W.; To, H. Current and future use of telemedicine in surgical clinics during and beyond COVID-19: A narrative review. Ann. Med. Surg. 2021, 66, 102378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Sasangohar, F.; Bradshaw, M.; Carlson, M.; Flack, J.; Fowler, J.; Freeland, D.; Head, J.; Marder, K.; Orme, W.; Weinstein, B.; et al. Adapting an Outpatient Psychiatric Clinic to Telehealth During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Practice Perspective. J. Med. Internet Res. 2020, 22, e22523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Drake, C.; Yu, J.; Lurie, N.; Kraemer, K.; Polsky, D.; Chaiyachati, K. Policies to Improve Substance Use Disorder Treatment With Telehealth During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond. J. Addict. Med. 2020, 14, e139–e141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. McElroy, J.; Day, T.; Becevic, M. The Influence of Telehealth for Better Health Across Communities. Prev. Chronic Dis. 2020, 17, e64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Atherly, A.; Van Den Broek-Altenburg, E.; Hart, V.; Gleason, K.; Carney, J. Consumer Reported Care Deferrals Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic, and the Role and Potential of Telemedicine: Cross-Sectional Analysis. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2020, 6, e21607. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Bruce, C.; Harrison, P.; Nisar, T.; Giammattei, C.; Tan, N.; Bliven, C.; Shallcross, J.; Khleif, A.; Tran, N.; Kelkar, S.; et al. Assessing the Impact of Patient-Facing Mobile Health Technology on Patient Outcomes: Retrospective Observational Cohort Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2020, 8, e19333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Kirby, D.; Fried, J.; Buchalter, D.; Moses, M.; Hurly, E.; Cardone, D.; Yang, S.; Virk, M.; Rokito, A.; Jazrawi, L.; et al. Patient and Physician Satisfaction with Telehealth during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Sports Medicine Perspective. Telemed. E-Health 2021, 27, 1151–1159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  56. Dobrusin, A.; Hawa, F.; Gladshteyn, M.; Corsello, P.; Harlen, K.; Walsh, C.; Alaparthi, L.; Weinstein, M.; Baig, N.; Sousa, A.; et al. Gastroenterologists and Patients Report High Satisfaction Rates with Telehealth Services during the Novel Coronavirus 2019 Pandemic. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2020, 18, 2393–2397.e2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  57. Keswani, A.; Brooks, J.; Khoury, P. The Future of Telehealth in Allergy and Immunology Training. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract. 2020, 8, 2135–2141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Piera-Jiménez, J.; Etzelmueller, A.; Kolovos, S.; Folkvord, F.; Lupiáñez-Villanueva, F. Guided Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression: Implementation Cost-Effectiveness Study. J. Med. Internet Res. 2021, 23, e27410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Schopow, N.; Osterhoff, G.; von Dercks, N.; Girrbach, F.; Josten, C.; Stehr, S.; Hepp, P. Central COVID-19 Coordination Centers in Germany: Description, Economic Evaluation, and Systematic Review. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2021, 7, e33509. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  60. Tchero, H.; Kangambega, P.; Briatte, C.; Brunet-Houdard, S.; Retali, G.; Rusch, E. Clinical Effectiveness of Telemedicine in Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis of 42 Randomized Controlled Trials. Telemed. E-Health 2019, 25, 569–583. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  61. Chowdhury, S.F.; Sium, S.M.A.; Anwar, S. Research and Management of Rare Diseases in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era: Challenges and Countermeasures. Front. Public Health 2021, 9, 640282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  62. Carrillo de Albornoz, S.; Sia, K.L.; Harris, A. The effectiveness of teleconsultations in primary care: Systematic review. Fam. Pract. 2022, 39, 168–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Jpm 12 01165 g001 550
Figure 1. The diagram shows the growth of the primary care teleconsultations in voivodeships in 2020 and 2021.
Figure 1. The diagram shows the growth of the primary care teleconsultations in voivodeships in 2020 and 2021.
Jpm 12 01165 g001
Jpm 12 01165 g002 550
Figure 2. The distribution diagram of the served PCTs in 2020–2021, in age groups.
Figure 2. The distribution diagram of the served PCTs in 2020–2021, in age groups.
Jpm 12 01165 g002
Table
Table 1. The summary table of the number of residents of voivodeships and the incidence of PCT per 10,000 residents/year.
Table 1. The summary table of the number of residents of voivodeships and the incidence of PCT per 10,000 residents/year.
Name of the National Health Fund Regional BranchNumber of ResidentsThe PCT Incidence/10,000 ResidentsIncrease of the PCT per National Health Fund Regional Branch (%)
2020202120202021
Dolnośląski2,900,1632,891,3213299.2210,681.39323.8
Kujawsko-Pomorski2,072,3732,061,9423289.7310,026.96304.8
Lubelski2,108,2702,095,2581844.619856.08534.3
Lubuski1,011,5921,007,1452103.177540.91358.5
Łódzki2,454,7792,437,9703464.6510,460.21301.9
Małopolski3,410,9013,410,4412805.138783.99313.1
Mazowiecki5,423,1685,425,0283785.6010,718.28283.1
Opolski982,626976,7743228.919523.29294.9
Podkarpacki2,127,1642,121,2291668.087331.97439.5
Podlaski1,178,3531,173,2861496.447761.24518.6
Pomorski2,343,9282,346,6713114.5710,712.22343.9
Śląski4,517,6354,492,3302603.3810,492.96403.1
Świętokrzyski1,233,9611,224,6263127.259630.50308
Warmińsko mazurski1,422,7371,416,4952031.498052.34396.4
Wielkopolski3,498,7333,496,4502633.848139.02309
Zachodniopomorski1,696,1931,688,0473959.5311,084.99280
Table
Table 2. The table shows the numbers of patients served with a PCT in 2020 and 2021 with age groups and the population size per 10,000 residents.
Table 2. The table shows the numbers of patients served with a PCT in 2020 and 2021 with age groups and the population size per 10,000 residents.
Age GroupPopulation 2020Population 202120202021PCTs 2020PCTs 2021Rate 2020Rate 2021
0–41,911,4941,876,8226.09%5.7%677,0582,104,3533542.0411,212.32
5–91,930,0961,905,9913.18%3.5%353,7291,298,5161832.706812.81
10–142,042,4792,072,9442.38%2.5%264,719931,1711296.074492.02
15–191,798,0521,802,5882.25%2.4%250,354870,7001392.364830.28
20–241,999,6671,940,9272.92%2.9%325,2811,090,8521626.685620.26
25–292,457,7382,348,2713.82%3.7%425,2761,351,4881730.365755.25
30–342,867,7842,784,3044.65%4.5%517,4931,651,7191804.505932.25
35–393,228,4633,211,3685.85%5.7%650,7202,091,4572015.576512.67
40–443,054,5443,079,7956.35%6.1%706,4262,254,2332312.717319.43
45–492,646,7562,742,4376.33%6.2%704,6082,286,1872662.168336.33
50–542,275,2782,299,0986.29%6.1%699,1452,255,7433072.799811.42
55–592,363,5182,294,1887.23%7.0%804,7092,586,6963404.7111,275.00
60–642,719,8482,628,2549.31%9.2%1,035,9213,420,6173808.7513,014.79
65–692,487,0832,509,17510.03%10.3%1,115,8513,798,0194486.5915,136.52
>704,571,3734,666,06223.30%24.4%2,591,8579,009,9075669.7619,309.44
Jpm 12 01165 i001
Table
Table 3. The table presents the Pearson correlation coefficient results between the average/median PIT/CIT and the incidence of PCTs per 10,000 residents.
Table 3. The table presents the Pearson correlation coefficient results between the average/median PIT/CIT and the incidence of PCTs per 10,000 residents.
VoivodeshipThe Median Age in a Voivodeship 2020The Average Amount of PIT 2019The Average Amount of CIT 2019The Median Amount of PIT 2019The Median Amount of CIT 2019The Incidence of PCTs per 10,000 Residents in 2020The Incidence of PCTs per 10,000 Residents in 2021
Dolnośląskie41.73608167,128338560,9603299.2210,681.39
Kujawsko-Pomorskie42.32860164,415265586,7303289.7310,026.96
Lubelskie41.72771128,039250192,0281844.619856.08
Lubuskie41.8312266,918303269,4962103.177540.91
Łódzkie41.63078162,7522844128,3573464.6510,460.21
Małopolskie43.33145126,9882953118,3552805.138783.99
Mazowieckie40.43603278,6193008128,4513785.6010,718.28
Opolskie41.23204129,2243104101,8273228.919523.29
Podkarpackie43.42818130,7462692129,1401668.087331.97
Podlaskie40.72711161,4792612120,7931496.447761.24
Pomorskie41.83526118,704316782,414114.5710,712.22
Śląskie40.33890143,7543977107,4552603.3810,492.96
Świętokrzyskie43.02756261,5332752173,2873127.259630.50
Warmińsko-Mazurskie43.0285553,286271636,4082031.498052.34
Wielkopolskie41.23065193,677289414,2692633.848139.02
Zachodniopomorskie40.5314363,575302346,4323959.5311,084.99
Jpm 12 01165 i002
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Furlepa, K.; Śliwczyński, A.; Kamecka, K.; Kozłowski, R.; Gołębiak, I.; Cichońska-Rzeźnicka, D.; Marczak, M.; Glinkowski, W.M. The COVID-19 Pandemic as an Impulse for the Development of Telemedicine in Primary Care in Poland. J. Pers. Med. 2022, 12, 1165. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12071165

AMA Style

Furlepa K, Śliwczyński A, Kamecka K, Kozłowski R, Gołębiak I, Cichońska-Rzeźnicka D, Marczak M, Glinkowski WM. The COVID-19 Pandemic as an Impulse for the Development of Telemedicine in Primary Care in Poland. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2022; 12(7):1165. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12071165

Chicago/Turabian Style

Furlepa, Kamila, Andrzej Śliwczyński, Karolina Kamecka, Remigiusz Kozłowski, Izabela Gołębiak, Dominika Cichońska-Rzeźnicka, Michał Marczak, and Wojciech Michał Glinkowski. 2022. "The COVID-19 Pandemic as an Impulse for the Development of Telemedicine in Primary Care in Poland" Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 7: 1165. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12071165

APA Style

Furlepa, K., Śliwczyński, A., Kamecka, K., Kozłowski, R., Gołębiak, I., Cichońska-Rzeźnicka, D., Marczak, M., & Glinkowski, W. M. (2022). The COVID-19 Pandemic as an Impulse for the Development of Telemedicine in Primary Care in Poland. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 12(7), 1165. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12071165

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop