Maternal Psychological and Biological Factors Associated to Gestational Complications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cohort Selection
2.2. Maternal and Neonatal Data Collection and Group Classification
2.3. Maternal Plasma Variables in the First Trimester
2.4. Maternal Psychological Variables during Pregnancy
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Maternal Characteristics and Development of Obstetric Complications
3.2. Maternal Plasma Variables in the First Trimester
3.3. Psychological Variables during Pregnancy
3.4. Logistic Regression Models Associated with Maternal and Fetal Complications
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cronbach’s α | 1T | 2T | 3T | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal and neonatal data | - | X | X | X |
Maternal plasma variables | - | X | ||
Maternal psychological variables | ||||
Negative affect | 0.80 | X | X | X |
Positive affect | 0.73 | X | X | X |
Anxiety | 0.84 | X | X | X |
Pregnancy concerns | 0.82 | X | X | X |
Optimism | 0.66 | X | X | |
Resilience | 0.66 | X | X | |
Life satisfaction | 0.87 | X | X | |
Life–work conflicts | 0.88 | X |
Maternal Complications | Fetal Complications | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (n = 98) | Yes (n = 84) | p-Value | No (n = 125) | Yes (n = 45) | p-Value | |
Maternal age (years) | 35.0 (6.0) | 35.0 (7.0) | 0.51 | 34.0 (6.0) | 35.0 (5.0) | 0.039 |
Civil status | ||||||
Single | 26.6% (21) | 26.7% (24) | 0.40 | 28.3% (33) | 27.5% (11) | 0.87 |
Married | 73.4% (58) | 71.1% (64) | 71.8% (84) | 72.5% (29) | ||
Educational level | ||||||
Undergraduate | 21.0% (17) | 34.5% (32) | 0.49 | 27.3% (33) | 29.2% (12) | 0.77 |
Graduate | 77.7% (63) | 64.5% (60) | 71.1% (86) | 70.7% (29) | ||
Employment situation | ||||||
Working | 93.8% (76) | 87.1% (81) | 0.16 | 91.7% (111) | 85.4% (35) | 0.25 |
Unemployment | 6.2% (5) | 9.7% (9) | 5.7% (7) | 14.6% (6) | ||
Smoking habits | 14.8% (12) | 17.2% (16) | 0.61 | 14.0% (17) | 19.5% (8) | 0.35 |
Alcohol intake | 42.0% (34) | 39.1% (36) | 0.70 | 38.3% (46) | 48.8% (20) | 0.24 |
Gestational age (weeks) | 38.0 (3.0) | 37.5 (2.0) | 0.006 | 38.0 (2.4) | 35.8 (2.5) | 0.001 |
Twin pregnancies | 38.1% (37) | 67.5% (56) | 0.001 | 41.9% (52) | 80.0% (36) | 0.001 |
ART | 25.5% (25) | 49.4% (41) | 0.001 | 28.0% (35) | 60.0% (27) | 0.001 |
Male 1 | 52.3% (46) | 60.8% (48) | 0.27 | 57.6% (68) | 51.3% (20) | 0.49 |
Male 2 | 41.9% (13) | 52.9% (27) | 0.33 | 54.2% (26) | 42.9% (12) | 0.34 |
Preterm labor | 17% (16) | 32.9% (26) | 0.015 | 0% (0) | 52.4% (22) | 0.001 |
Fetal growth restriction | 4.3% (4) | 12.2% (9) | 0.060 | 0% (0) | 33.3% (15) | 0.001 |
First Trimester | Second Trimester | Third Trimester | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ref. | Maternal Complic. | Fetal Complic. | Ref. | Maternal Complic. | Fetal Complic. | Ref. | Maternal Complic. | Fetal Complic. | |||||||||||||
No | Yes | p-Value | No | Yes | p-Value | No | Yes | p-Value | No | Yes | p-Value | No | Yes | p-Value | No | Yes | p-Value | ||||
Negative affect | 1.7 (0.7) | 1.8 (0.8) | 2.0 (1.0) | 0.16 | 1.8 (0.8) | 2.1 (0.7) | 0.13 | 1.7 (0.8) | 1.8 (0.8) | 2.0 (0.7) | 0.054 | 1.8 (0.9) | 2.0 (0.8) | 0.12 | 1.9 (1.1) | 1.9 (1.1) | 2.1 (1.0) | 0.15 | 2.0 (0.9) | 2.1 (1.1) | 0.49 |
Positive affect | 3.4 (0.7) | 3.4 (0.7) | 3.3 (0.8) | 0.76 | 3.3 (0.8) | 3.3 (0.9) | 0.63 | 3.5 (0.8) | 3.4 (0.8) | 3.4 (0.8) | 0.80 | 3.4 (0.7) | 3.2 (0.7) | 0.056 | 3.6 (0.7) | 3.5 (0.7) | 3.5 (0.8) | 0.36 | 3.5 (0.8) | 3.5 (0.7) | 0.81 |
Anxiety | 0.9 (0.6) | 0.9 (0.7) | 0.9 (0.7) | 0.90 | 0.9 (0.6) | 1.1 (0.7) | 0.041 | 1.0 (0.9) | 1.0 (0.9) | 1.0 (0.9) | 0.62 | 1.0 (0.7) | 1.1 (1.1) | 0.18 | 0.9 (0.7) | 1.0 (0.7) | 1.1 (1.0) | 0.14 | 1.0 (0.9) | 1.1 (1.0) | 0.36 |
Pregnancy concerns | 1.6 (0.1) | 1.6 (0.7) | 1.7 (0.7) | 0.96 | 1.7 (0.8) | 1.6 (0.7) | 0.52 | 1.8 (0.1) | 1.8 (0.9) | 1.8 (0.8) | 0.68 | 1.7 (0.8) | 1.9 (0.8) | 0.78 | 1.9 (0.1) | 1.9 (0.7) | 1.8 (0.8) | 0.063 | 1.9 (0.8) | 1.8 (0.8) | 0.83 |
Optimism | 3.4 (0.9) | 3.4 (1.4) | 3.2 (1.2) | 0.28 | 3.2 (1.2) | 3.6 (1.4) | 0.28 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3.4 (0.9) | 3.4 (0.9) | 3.2 (1.0) | 0.49 | 3.2 (0.8) | 3.5 (1.0) | 0.17 |
Resilience | 6.0 (0.1) | 6.2 (0.7) | 6.0 (1.0) | 0.20 | 6.0 (0.8) | 6.2 (0.7) | 0.35 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3.0 (0.1) | 6.0 (0.9) | 5.3 (1.8) | 0.001 | 5.7 (1.2) | 5.7 (1.5) | 0.47 |
Life satisfaction | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5.8 (0.9) | 5.8 (0.9) | 5.5 (1.0) | 0.015 | 5.8 (1.1) | 5.6 (1.2) | 0.59 | 5.8 (0.8) | 5.8 (1.0) | 5.4 (1.2) | 0.010 | 5.8 (1.0) | 5.6 (1.8) | 0.61 |
Life–work conflicts | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.8 (1.0) | 1.0 (1.3) | 0.70 | 0.8 (1.2) | 1.2 (1.2) | 0.061 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
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Ramiro-Cortijo, D.; de la Calle, M.; Benitez, V.; Gila-Diaz, A.; Moreno-Jiménez, B.; Arribas, S.M.; Garrosa, E. Maternal Psychological and Biological Factors Associated to Gestational Complications. J. Pers. Med. 2021, 11, 183. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm11030183
Ramiro-Cortijo D, de la Calle M, Benitez V, Gila-Diaz A, Moreno-Jiménez B, Arribas SM, Garrosa E. Maternal Psychological and Biological Factors Associated to Gestational Complications. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2021; 11(3):183. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm11030183
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamiro-Cortijo, David, Maria de la Calle, Vanesa Benitez, Andrea Gila-Diaz, Bernardo Moreno-Jiménez, Silvia M. Arribas, and Eva Garrosa. 2021. "Maternal Psychological and Biological Factors Associated to Gestational Complications" Journal of Personalized Medicine 11, no. 3: 183. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm11030183
APA StyleRamiro-Cortijo, D., de la Calle, M., Benitez, V., Gila-Diaz, A., Moreno-Jiménez, B., Arribas, S. M., & Garrosa, E. (2021). Maternal Psychological and Biological Factors Associated to Gestational Complications. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 11(3), 183. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm11030183