Long Term Metabolic and Inflammatory Effects of Second-Generation Antipsychotics: A Study in Mentally Disordered Offenders
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Forensic Psychiatry
1.2. Antipsychotic Drugs and Metabolic Disturbances
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patients
2.2. Biochemical/ Hematological Assessment
2.3. Anthropometric Measurements
2.4. Blood Pressure Determination
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ν | % | ||
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Females | 4 | 11.4% |
Males | 31 | 88.6% | |
Antipsychotic medication | AP1 | 17 | 48.6% |
AP2 | 18 | 51.4% | |
Diagnosis | Schizophrenia | 24 | 68.6% |
Other non-organic psychosis | 7 | 20% | |
Chronic delusional disorders | 1 | 2.95 | |
Mixed and other personality disorders | 1 | 2.9% | |
Mental disorders and behavioral disorders | 2 | 5.7% | |
Other medication | Anticoagulants (1st year) | 2 | 5.7% |
Anticoagulants (2ndyear) | 5 | 14.3% | |
Anticoagulants (3rd year) | 5 | 14.3% | |
Antihypertensives (1st year) | 4 | 11.4% | |
Antihypertensives (2ndyear) | 7 | 20% | |
Antihypertensives (3rdyear) | 8 | 22.9% | |
Antidiabetic (1st year) | 4 | 11.4% | |
Antidiabetic (2nd year) | 5 | 14.3% | |
Antidiabetic (3rd year) | 4 | 11.4% | |
Antilipidemics (1st year) | 5 | 14.3% | |
Antilipidemics(2nd year) | 7 | 20% | |
Antilipidemics (3rd year) | 9 | 25.7% | |
Medication for CVD (1st year) | 10 | 28.6% | |
Medication for CVD (2ndyear) | 10 | 28.6% | |
Medication for CVD (3rd year) | 11 | 31.4% |
(A) | |||||||||
Variables | Total T1 | Total T2 | p-Value | AP1 T1 | AP1 T2 | p-Value | AP2 T1 | AP2 T2 | p-Value |
Weight (kg) | 85.26 (15.59) 1 | 86.37 (16.40) 1 | 0.38 2 | 86.47 (18.54) 1 | 88.82 (18.74) 1 | 0.17 2 | 84.11 (12.64) 1 | 84.06 (14.00) 1 | 0.98 2 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.09 (6.05) 1 | 29.42 (5.88) 1 | 0.26 | 30.10 (7.09) 1 | 30.84 (6.59) 1 | 0.21 2 | 28.14 (4.88) 1 | 28.07 (4.95) 1 | 0.61 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 94.00 (13.00) | 94.00 (24.00) | 0.19 | 94.00 (12.00) | 94.00 (26.00) | 0.08 | 97.17 (11.32) | 94.50 (27.00) | 0.65 |
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 174.71 (36.18) 1 | 171.11 (38.81) 1 | 0.69 | 166.00 (31.77) 1 | 164.65 (43.55) 1 | 0.30 | 182.94 (38.99) 1 | 177.22 (33.86) 1 | 0.65 |
Triglyce-rides (mg/dL) | 109.00 (69.00) | 108.00 (126.00) | 0.12 | 100.00 (58.00) | 119.82 (76.89) 1 | 0.69 2 | 122.00 (110.00) | 121.50 (228.00) | 0.07 |
HDL (mg/dL) | 45.03 (12.48) 1 | 41.77 (12.01) 1 | 0.00 | 46.47 (11.17) | 42.06 (9.83) | 0.01 | 43.67 (13.78) | 41.50 (14.06) | 0.107 2 |
LDL (mm Hg) | 97.23 (32.24) 1 | 98.91 (31.76) 1 | 0.46 | 94.06 (28.17) 1 | 99.12 (37.69) 1 | 0.98 | 100.22 (36.22) 1 | 98.72 (26.07) 1 | 0.28 |
Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 121.23 (12.93) 1 | 123.94 (14.85) 1 | 0.13 2 | 120.71 (15.34) 1 | 125.12 (17.00) 1 | 0.17 2 | 121.72 (10.59) 1 | 122.83 (12.89) 1 | 0.52 2 |
Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 78.26 (11.91) 1 | 79.63 (11.67) 1 | 0.39 | 78.00 (15.17) 1 | 80.06 (14.76) 1 | 0.46 2 | 78.50 (8.18) 1 | 79.22 (8.17) 1 | 0.81 |
WBC (103/L) | 8.75 (2.57) 1 | 8.65 (2.58) 1 | 0.91 | 7.35 (1.91) 1 | 7.62 (2.29) 1 | 0.33 | 9.56 (3.47) | 9.62 (2.51) 1 | 0.41 |
PLT (103/L) | 240.51 (61.17) 1 | 239.77 (69.37) 1 | 0.94 2 | 227.82 (54.31) 1 | 222.35 (60.97) 1 | 0.55 2 | 252.50 (66.30) 1 | 256.22 (74.41) 1 | 0.82 2 |
ESR (mm/h) | 5.00 (7.00) | 7.00 (16.00) | 0.11 | 5.00 (5.50) | 5.00 (11.00) | 0.68 | 7.50 (13.50) | 10.00 (21.80) | 0.06 |
CRP (mg/dL) | 0.40 (0.70) | 0.51 (2.64) | 0.01 | 0.30 (0.70) | 0.48 (0.76) | 0.33 | 0.43 (0.67) | 0.78 (7.56) | 0.01 |
B12 (pg/mL) | 250.00 (167.00) | 270.00 (181.00) | 0.13 | 243.00 (95.00) | 278.82 (111.03) 1 | 0.32 2 | 276.00 (206.00) | 276.00 (229.00) | 0.25 |
Folicacid (ng/mL) | 4.00 (3.10) | 3.90 (2.80) | 0.79 | 4.40 (3.20) | 4.00 (4.70) | 0.87 | 3.95 (1.80) | 3.70 (2.10) | 0.47 |
(B) | |||||||||
Variables | Total T2 | Total T3 | p-Value | AP1 T2 | AP1 T3 | p-Value | AP2 T2 | AP2 T3 | p-Value |
Weight (kg) | 86.37 (16.40) 1 | 85.34 (16.41) 1 | 0.19 | 88.82 (18.74) 1 | 86.53 (19.34) 1 | 0.10 | 84.06 (14.00) 1 | 84.22 (13.57) 1 | 0.93 2 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.42 (5.88) 1 | 29.04 (5.75) 1 | 0.20 | 30.84 (6.59) 1 | 30.01 (6.79) 1 | 0.12 | 28.07 (4.95) 1 | 28.11 (4.56) 1 | 0.95 2 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 94.00 (24.00) | 95.00 (16.00) | 0.30 | 94.00 (26.00) | 95.00 (15.00) | 0.33 | 94.50 (27.00) | 94.50 (22.00) | 0.47 |
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 171.11 (38.81) 1 | 164.34 (35.30) 1 | 0.75 | 164.65 (43.55) 1 | 159.18 (29.52) 1 | 0.86 | 177.22 (33.86) 1 | 160.50 (60.00) | 0.57 |
Triglyce-rides (mg/dL) | 108.00 (126.00) | 153.46 (105.00) | 0.17 | 119.82 (76.89) 1 | 108.00 (40.95) 1 | 0.55 | 121.50 (228.00) | 110.50 (151.00) | 0.01 |
HDL (mg/dL) | 41.77 (12.01) 1 | 39.71 (10.48) 1 | 0.084 2 | 42.06 (9.83) | 40.24 (9.69) | 0.03 | 41.50 (14.06) | 39.22 (11.43) | 0.21 2 |
LDL (mm Hg) | 98.91 (31.76) 1 | 95.29 (30.57) 1 | 0.90 | 99.12 (37.69) 1 | 96.12 (22.07) 1 | 0.51 | 98.72 (26.07) 1 | 86.50 (59.00) | 0.51 |
Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 123.94 (14.85) 1 | 126.86 (21.12) 1 | 0.44 | 125.12 (17.00) 1 | 128.00 (23.00) | 0.64 | 122.83 (12.89) 1 | 119.50 (25.00) | 0.70 2 |
Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 79.63 (11.67) 1 | 79.00 (16.00) | 0.44 | 80.06 (14.76) 1 | 83.82 (11.32) 1 | 0.66 | 79.22 (8.17) 1 | 76.72 (7.40) 1 | 0.09 2 |
WBC (103/L) | 8.65 (2.58) 1 | 8.57 (2.40) 1 | 0.86 2 | 7.62 (2.29) 1 | 7.16 (1.60) 1 | 0.87 | 9.62 (2.51) 1 | 9.91 (2.29) 1 | 0.63 |
PLT (103/L) | 239.77 (69.37) 1 | 251.66 (68.74) 1 | 0.01 | 222.35 (60.97) 1 | 238.88 (74.27) 1 | 0.07 2 | 256.22 (74.41) 1 | 263.72 (62.78) 1 | 0.07 |
ESR (mm/h) | 7.00 (16.00) | 8.00 (8.00) | 0.05 | 5.00 (11.00) | 5.00 (6.00) | 0.20 | 10.00 (21.80) | 9.50 (10.50) | 0.13 |
CRP (mg/dL) | 0.51 (2.64) | 0.25 (0.60) | <0.01 | 0.48 (0.76) | 0.21 (0.51) | 0.34 | 0.78 (7.56) | 0.34 (0.61) | <0.01 |
B12 (pg/mL) | 270.00 (181.00) | 290.00 (225.00) | 0.10 | 278.82 (111.03) 1 | 331.82 (144.31) 1 | 0.04 | 276.00 (229.00) | 359.39 (232.18) 1 | 0.73 |
Folicacid (ng/mL) | 3.90 (2.80) | 4.10 (9.10) | 0.16 | 4.00 (4.70) | 3.80 (13.20) | 0.30 | 3.70 (2.10) | 4.20 (5.40) | 0.44 |
(C) | |||||||||
Variables | Total T1 | Total T3 | p-Value | AP1 T1 | AP1 T3 | p-Value | AP2 T1 | AP2 T3 | p-Value |
Weight (kg) | 85.26 (15.59) 1 | 85.34 (16.41) 1 | 0.84 | 86.47 (18.54) 1 | 86.53 (19.34) 1 | 0.98 2 | 84.11 (12.64) 1 | 84.22 (13.57) 1 | 0.95 2 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.09 (6.05) 1 | 29.04 (5.75) 1 | 0.82 | 30.10 (7.09) 1 | 30.01 (6.79) 1 | 0.93 2 | 28.14 (4.88) 1 | 28.11 (4.56) 1 | 0.96 2 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 94.00 (13.00) | 95.00 (16.00) | 0.31 | 94.00 (12.00) | 95.00 (15.00) | 0.31 | 97.17 (11.32) | 94.50 (22.00) | 0.67 |
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 174.71 (36.18) 1 | 164.34 (35.30) 1 | 0.16 2 | 166.00 (31.77) 1 | 159.18 (29.52) 1 | 0.31 | 182.94 (38.99) 1 | 160.50 (60.00) | 0.31 |
Triglyce-rides (mg/dL) | 109.00 (69.00) | 153.46 (105.00) | 0.59 | 100.00 (58.00) | 108.00 (40.95) 1 | 1.00 | 122.00 (110.00) | 110.50 (151.00) | 0.57 |
HDL (mg/dL) | 45.03 (12.48) 1 | 39.71 (10.48) 1 | <0.01 2 | 46.47 (11.17) | 40.24 (9.69) | <0.01 2 | 43.67 (13.78) | 39.22 (11.43) | 0.08 2 |
LDL (mm Hg) | 97.23 (32.24) 1 | 95.29 (30.57) 1 | 0.73 2 | 94.06 (28.17) 1 | 96.12 (22.07) 1 | 0.73 2 | 100.22 (36.22) 1 | 86.50 (59.00) | 0.56 2 |
Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 121.23 (12.93) 1 | 126.86 (21.12) 1 | 0.08 | 120.71 (15.34) 1 | 128.00 (23.00) | 0.09 | 121.72 (10.59) 1 | 119.50 (25.00) | 0.33 2 |
Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 78.26 (11.91) 1 | 79.00 (16.00) | 0.40 | 78.00 (15.17) 1 | 83.82 (11.32) 1 | 0.10 2 | 78.50 (8.18) 1 | 76.72 (7.40) 1 | 0.13 2 |
WBC (103/L) | 8.75 (2.57) 1 | 8.57 (2.40) 1 | 0.66 2 | 7.35 (1.91) 1 | 7.16 (1.60) 1 | 0.72 2 | 9.56 (3.47) | 9.91 (2.29) 1 | 0.80 2 |
PLT (103/L) | 240.51 (61.17) 1 | 251.66 (68.74) 1 | 0.11 2 | 227.82 (54.31) 1 | 238.88 (74.27) 1 | 0.29 2 | 252.50 (66.30) 1 | 263.72 (62.78) 1 | 0.25 2 |
ESR (mm/h) | 5.00 (7.00) | 8.00 (8.00) | 0.45 | 5.00 (5.50) | 5.00 (6.00) | 0.61 | 7.50 (13.50) | 9.50 (10.50) | 0.15 |
CRP (mg/dL) | 0.40 (0.70) | 0.25 (0.60) | 0.46 | 0.30 (0.70) | 0.21 (0.51) | 0.96 | 0.43 (0.67) | 0.34 (0.61) | 0.31 |
B12 (pg/mL) | 250.00 (167.00) | 290.00 (225.00) | 0.05 2 | 243.00 (95.00) | 331.82 (144.31) 1 | 0.04 | 276.00 (206.00) | 359.39 (232.18) 1 | 0.57 |
Folicacid (ng/mL) | 4.00 (3.10) | 4.10 (9.10) | 0.11 | 4.40 (3.20) | 3.80 (13.20) | 0.09 | 3.95 (1.80) | 4.20 (5.40) | 0.51 |
Variable | T1 | T2 | T3 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AP1 | AP2 | p-Value | AP1 | AP2 | p-Value | AP1 | AP2 | p-Value | |
Weight (kg) | 86.47 (18.54) 1 | 84.11 (12.64) 1 | 0.66 2 | 88.82 (18.74) 1 | 84.06 (14.00) 1 | 0.39 2 | 86.53 (19.34) 1 | 84.22 (13.57) 1 | 0.68 2 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 30.10 (7.09) 1 | 28.14 (4.88) 1 | 0.34 2 | 30.84 (6.59) 1 | 28.07 (4.95) 1 | 0.16 2 | 30.01 (6.79) 1 | 28.11 (4.56) 1 | 0.33 2 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 94.00 (12.00) | 97.17 (11.32) | 0.80 | 94.00 (26.00) | 94.50 (27.00) | 0.98 | 95.00 (15.00) | 94.50 (22.00) | 0.76 |
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 166.00 (31.77) 1 | 182.94 (38.99) 1 | 0.17 2 | 164.65 (43.55) 1 | 177.22 (33.86) 1 | 0.34 2 | 159.18 (29.52) 1 | 160.50 (60.00) | 0.96 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 100.00 (58.00) | 122.00 (110.00) | 0.11 | 119.82 (76.89) 1 | 121.50 (228.00) | 0.11 | 108.00 (40.95) 1 | 110.50 (151.00) | 0.32 |
HDL (mg/dL) | 46.47 (11.17) | 43.67 (13.78) | 0.51 2 | 42.06 (9.83) | 41.50 (14.06) | 0.89 2 | 40.24 (9.69) | 39.22 (11.43) | 0.78 2 |
LDL (mm Hg) | 94.06 (28.17) 1 | 100.22 (36.22) 1 | 0.58 | 99.12 (37.69) 1 | 98.72 (26.07) 1 | 0.97 | 96.12 (22.07) 1 | 86.50 (59.00) | 0.64 |
Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 120.71 (15.34) 1 | 121.72 (10.59) 1 | 0.82 2 | 125.12 (17.00) 1 | 122.83 (12.89) 1 | 0.65 2 | 128.00 (23.00) | 119.50 (25.00) | 0.64 |
Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 78.00 (15.17) 1 | 78.50 (8.18) 1 | 0.90 2 | 80.06 (14.76) 1 | 79.22 (8.17) 1 | 0.84 2 | 83.82 (11.32) 1 | 76.72 (7.40) 1 | 0.03 2 |
WBC 103/L) | 7.35 (1.91) 1 | 9.56 (3.47) | <0.01 | 7.62 (2.29) 1 | 9.62 (2.51) 1 | 0.01 2 | 7.16 (1.60) 1 | 9.91 (2.29) 1 | <0.01 2 |
PLT (103/L) | 227.82 (54.31) 1 | 252.50 (66.30) 1 | 0.24 2 | 222.35 (60.97) 1 | 256.22 (74.41) 1 | 0.15 2 | 238.88 (74.27) 1 | 263.72 (62.78) 1 | 0.29 2 |
ESR (mm/h) | 5.00 (5.50) | 7.50 (13.50) | 0.40 | 5.00 (11.00) | 10.00 (21.80) | 0.08 | 5.00 (6.00) | 9.50 (10.50) | 0.06 |
CRP (mg/dL) | 0.30 (0.70) | 0.43 (0.67) | 0.25 | 0.48 (0.76) | 0.78 (7.56) | 0.11 | 0.21 (0.51) | 0.34 (0.61) | 0.35 |
B12 (pg/mL) | 243.00 (95.00) | 276.00 (206.00) | 0.33 | 278.82 (111.03) 1 | 276.00 (229.00) | 0.48 | 331.82 (144.31) 1 | 359.39 (232.18) 1 | 0.67 |
Folic Acid (ng/mL) | 4.40 (3.20) | 3.95 (1.80) | 0.71 | 4.00 (4.70) | 3.70 (2.10) | 0.57 | 3.80 (13.20) | 4.20 (5.40) | 0.81 |
Variables | T1 | T2 | T3 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | AP1 | AP2 | p-Value | Total | AP1 | AP2 | p-Value | Total | AP1 | AP2 | p-Value | |
WC (cm)2 | N/A | N/A | N/A | - | N/A | N/A | N/A | - | 12 (34.3%) | 7 (41.2%) | 5 (27.8%) | 0.40 1 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 8 (22.9%) | 3 (17.6%) | 5 (27.8%) | 0.69 | 12 (34.3%) | 4 (23.5%) | 8 (44.4%) | 0.19 1 | 9 (25.7%) | 2 (11.8%) | 7 (38.9%) | 0.12 |
HDL (mg/dL) | 10 (28.6%) | 3 (17.6%) | 7 (38.9%) | 0.26 | 18 (51.4%) | 8 (47.1%) | 10 (55.6%) | 0.61 1 | 19 (54.3%) | 8 (47.1%) | 11 (61.1%) | 0.40 1 |
Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 8 (22.9%) | 5 (29.4%) | 3 (8.6%) | 0.44 | 13 (37.1%) | 8 (47.1%) | 5 (27.8%) | 0.24 1 | 15 (42.9%) | 8 (47.1%) | 7 (38.9%) | 0.62 1 |
Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 10 (28.6%) | 5 (29.4%) | 5 (27.8%) | 1.00 | 11 (31.4%) | 6 (35.3%) | 5 (27.8%) | 0.63 1 | 12 (34.3%) | 9 (52.9%) | 3 (16.7%) | 0.02 1 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 6 (17.1%) | 3 (17.6%) | 3 (16.7%) | 1.00 | 9 (25.7%) | 5 (29.4%) | 4 (22.2%) | 0.71 | 7 (20%) | 3 (17.6%) | 4 (22.2%) | 1.00 |
Metabolic Syndrome | 10 (28.6%) | 5 (29.4%) | 5 (27.8%) | 1.00 | 12 (34.3%) | 6 (35.3%) | 6 (33.3%) | 0.90 1 | 9 (25.7%) | 5 (29.4%) | 4 (22.2%) | 0.71 |
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Vassilopoulou, E.; Efthymiou, D.; Papatriantafyllou, E.; Markopoulou, M.; Sakellariou, E.-M.; Popescu, A.C. Long Term Metabolic and Inflammatory Effects of Second-Generation Antipsychotics: A Study in Mentally Disordered Offenders. J. Pers. Med. 2021, 11, 1189. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm11111189
Vassilopoulou E, Efthymiou D, Papatriantafyllou E, Markopoulou M, Sakellariou E-M, Popescu AC. Long Term Metabolic and Inflammatory Effects of Second-Generation Antipsychotics: A Study in Mentally Disordered Offenders. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2021; 11(11):1189. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm11111189
Chicago/Turabian StyleVassilopoulou, Emilia, Dimitris Efthymiou, Evangelia Papatriantafyllou, Maria Markopoulou, Efthymia-Maria Sakellariou, and Alina Codruta Popescu. 2021. "Long Term Metabolic and Inflammatory Effects of Second-Generation Antipsychotics: A Study in Mentally Disordered Offenders" Journal of Personalized Medicine 11, no. 11: 1189. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm11111189