Protein Carbonyl Content Is a Predictive Biomarker of Eccentric Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Hemodialysis Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Echocardiogram
2.2. Measurement of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Paoletti, E.; Bellino, D.; Cassottana, P.; Rolla, D.; Cannella, G. LVH in nondiabetic predialysis CKD. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2005, 46, 320–327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Glassock, R.J.; Pecoits-Filho, R.; Barberato, S.H. Left ventricular mass in chronic kidney disease and ESRD. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2009, 4, 79–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koren, M.J.; Devereux, R.B.; Casale, P.N.; Savage, D.D.; Laragh, J.H. Relation of left ventricular mass and geometry to morbidity and mortality in uncomplicated essential hypertension. Ann. Intern. Med. 1991, 114, 345–352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Krumholz, H.M.; Larson, M.; Levy, D. Prognosis of left ventricular geometric patterns in the Framingham Heart Study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1995, 25, 879–884. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shigematsu, Y. Clinical evidence for association between left ventricular geometric adaptation and extracardiac target organ damage in essential hypertension. J. Hypertens. 1995, 13, 155–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Verdecchia, P.; Schillaci, G.; Borgioni, C.; Ciucci, A.; Battistelli, M.; Barroccini, C.; Santucci, A.; Santucci, C.; Reboldi, G.; Porcellati, C. Adverse prognostic significance of concentric remodelling of the left ventricle in hypertensive patients with normal left ventricular mass. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1995, 25, 871–878. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parfrey, P.S. Cardiac disease in dialysis patients: Diagnosis, burden of disease, prognosis, risk factors and management. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2000, 15, 58–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Naito, Y.; Tsujino, T.; Matsumoto, M.; Sakoda, T.; Ohyanagi, M.; Masuyama, T. Adaptive response of the heart to long-term anemia induced by iron deficiency. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2009, 296, H585–H593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martin, L.C.; Franco, R.J.; Gavras, I.; Matsubara, B.B.; Garcia, S.; Caramori, J.T.; Barretti, B.B.; Balbi, A.L.; Barsanti, R.; Padovani, C.; et al. Association between hypervolemia and ventricular hypertrophy in hemodialysis patients. Am. J. Hypertens. 2004, 17, 1163–1169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- MacRae, J.M.; Levin, A.; Belenkie, I. The cardiovascular effects of arteriovenous fistulas in chronic kidney disease: A cause for concern. Semin. Dial. 2006, 19, 349–352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fujii, H.; Kim, J.I.; Abe, T.; Umezu, M.; Fukagawa, M. Relationship between parathyroid hormone and cardiac abnormalities in chronic dialysis patients. Intern. Med. 2007, 46, 1507–1512. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gross, M.L.; Ritz, E. Hypertrophy and fibrosis in the cardiomyopathy of uremia-beyond coronary heart disease. Semin. Dial. 2008, 21, 308–318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Miyata, T.; Kurokawa, K.; Van Ypersele De Strihou, C. Relevance of oxidative and carbonyl stress to long-term uremic complications. Kidney Int. Suppl. 2000, 70, 120–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Descamps-Latscha, B.; Witko-Sarsat, V. Importance of oxidatively modified proteins in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int. 2001, 59, 108–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zoccali, C.; Mallamaci, F.; Tripepi, G. AGEs and carbonyl stress: Potential pathogenetic factors of long–term uremic complications. Nephrol. Dial. Transpl. 2000, 15, 7–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaya, Y.; Ari, E.; Demir, H.; Soylemez, N.; Cebi, A.; Alp, H.; Bakan, E.; Gecit, I.; Asicioglu, E.; Beytur, A. Accelerated atherosclerosis in haemodialysis patients; correlation of endothelial function with oxidative DNA damage. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2012, 27, 1164–1169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alvarez, M.C.; Caldiz, C.; Fantinelli, J.C.; Garciarena, C.D.; Console, G.M.; Chiappe de Cingolani, G.E.; Mosca, S.M. Is cardiac hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats the cause or the consequence of oxidative stress? Hypertens. Res. 2008, 31, 1465–1476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sag, C.M.; Santos, C.X.; Shah, A.M. Redox regulation of cardiac hypertrophy. J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. 2014, 73, 103–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Popolo, A.; Autore, G.; Pinto, A.; Marzocco, S. Oxidative stress in patients with cardiovascular disease and chronic renal failure. Free Radic. Res. 2013, 47, 346–356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bossola, M.; Tazza, L. Wishful Thinking: The Surprisingly Sparse Evidence for a Relationship between Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Disease in Hemodialysis Patients. Semin. Dial. 2015, 28, 224–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Himmelfarb, J. Oxidative stress in hemodialysis. Contrib. Nephrol. 2008, 161, 132–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, Z.; Yu, C.; Li, X.H.; Deng, B.Q. The prognostic value of oxidative stress and inflammation in Chinese hemodialysis patients. Ren. Fail. 2017, 39, 54–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dimitrijevic, Z.M.; Cvetkovic, T.P.; Djordjevic, V.M.; Pavlovic, D.D.; Stefanovic, N.Z.; Stojanovic, I.R.; Paunovic, G.J.; Velickovic-Radovanovic, R.M. How the duration period of erythropoietin treatment influences the oxidative status of hemodialysis patients. Int. J. Med. Sci. 2012, 9, 808–815. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sangeetha, L.B.; Harini, D.N.; Suchitra, M.M.; Srinivasa Rao, P.V.L.N.; Siva, K.V. Changes in the inflammatory and oxidative stress markers during a single hemodialysis session in patients with chronic kidney disease. Ren. Fail. 2018, 40, 534–540. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ding, Y.F.; Brower, G.L.; Zhong, Q.; Murray, D.; Holland, M.; Janicki, J.S.; Zhong, J. Defective intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis contributes to myocyte dysfunction during ventricular remodelling induced by chronic volume overload in rats. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2008, 35, 827–835. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qin, F.; Lennon-Edwards, S.; Lancel, S.; Biolo, A.; Siwik, D.A.; Pimentel, D.R.; Dorn, G.W.; Kang, Y.J.; Colucci, W.S. Cardiac-specific overexpression of catalase identifies hydrogen peroxide-dependent and -independent phases of myocardial remodeling and prevents the progression to overt heart failure in G(alpha)q-overexpressing transgenic mice. Circ. Heart Fail. 2010, 3, 306–313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lang, R.M.; Badano, L.P.; Mor-Avi, V.; Afilalo, J.; Armstrong, A.; Ernande, L.; Flachskampf, F.A.; Foster, E.; Goldstein, S.A.; Kuznetsova, T.; et al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: An update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging 2015, 16, 233–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Devereux, R.B.; Alonso, D.R.; Lutas, E.M.; Gottlieb, G.J.; Campo, E.; Sachs, I.; Reichek, N. Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy: Comparison to necropsy findings. Am. J. Cardiol. 1986, 57, 450–458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Andreeva, I.L.; Kozemjakin, A.L.; Kiskun, A.A. Modifikacija metoda opredelenia perekisej lipidov v test s tiobarbiturovoj kislotoj. Lab Delo. 1988, 11, 41–43. [Google Scholar]
- Levine, R.L.; Garland, D.; Oliver, C.N.; Amici, A.; Climent, I.; Lenz, A.G.; Ahn, B.W.; Shaltiel, S.; Stadtman, E.R. Determination of carbonyl content in oxidatively modified proteins. Methods Enzymol. 1990, 186, 464–478. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koracevic, D.; Koracevic, G.; Djordjevic, V.; Andrejevic, S.; Cosic, V. Method for the measurement of antioxidant activity in human fluids. J. Clin. Pathol. 2001, 54, 356–561. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Whitehead, A.L.; Julious, S.A.; Cooper, C.L.; Campbell, M.J. Estimating the sample size for a pilot randomised trial to minimise the overall trial sample size for the external pilot and main trial for a continuous outcome variable. Stat. Methods Med. Res. 2016, 25, 1057–1073. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Foley, R.N.; Curtis, B.M.; Randell, E.W.; Parfrey, P.S. Left ventricular hypertrophy in new hemodialysis patients without symptomatic cardiac disease. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2010, 5, 805–813. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- London, G.M.; Pannier, B.; Guerin, A.P.; Blacher, J.; Marchais, S.J.; Darne, B.; Metivier, F.; Adda, H.; Safar, M.E. Alterations of left ventricular hypertrophy in and survival of patients receiving hemodialysis: Follow-up of an interventional study. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2001, 12, 2759–2767. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Tian, J.P.; Wang, T.; Wang, H.; Cheng, L.T.; Tian, X.K.; Lindholm, B.; Axelsson, J.; Du, F.H. The prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy in Chinese hemodialysis patients is higher than that in peritoneal dialysis patients. Ren. Fail. 2008, 30, 391–400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Paoletti, E.; De Nicola, L.; Gabbai, F.B.; Chiodini, P.; Ravera, M.; Pieracci, L.; Marre, S.; Cassottana, P.; Lucà, S.; Vettoretti, S.; et al. Associations of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Geometry with Adverse Outcomes in Patients with CKD and Hypertension. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2016, 11, 271–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bansal, N.; Keane, M.; Delafontaine, P.; Dries, D.; Foster, E.; Gadegbeku, C.A.; Go, A.S.; Hamm, L.L.; Kusek, J.W.; Ojo, A.O.; et al. A longitudinal study of left ventricular function and structure from CKD to ESRD: The CRIC study. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2013, 8, 355–362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Park, M.; Hsu, C.Y.; Li, Y.; Mishra, R.K.; Keane, M.; Rosas, S.E.; Dries, D.; Xie, D.; Chen, J.; He, J.; et al. Associations between kidney function and subclinical cardiac abnormalities in CKD. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2012, 23, 1725–1734. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cai, Q.Z.; Lu, X.Z.; Lu, Y.; Wang, A.Y. Longitudinal changes of cardiac structure and function in CKD (CASCADE study). J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2014, 25, 1599–1608. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- De Roij van Zuijdewijn, C.L.; Hansildaar, R.; Bots, M.L.; Blankestijn, P.J.; van den Dorpel, M.A.; Grooteman, M.P.; Kamp, O.; ter Wee, P.M.; Nubé, M.J. Eccentric Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Sudden Death in Patients with End-Stage Kidney Disease. Am. J. Nephrol. 2015, 42, 1226–1233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dimitrijevic, Z.; Cvetkovic, T.; Stojanovic, M.; Paunovic, K.; Djordjevic, V. Prevalence and risk factors of myocardial remodeling in hemodialysis patients. Ren. Fail. 2009, 31, 662–667. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Himmelfarb, J.; Stenvinkel, P.; Ikizler, T.A.; Hakim, R.M. The elephant in uremia: Oxidant stress as a unifying concept of cardiovascular disease in uremia. Kidney Int. 2002, 62, 1524–1538. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Himmelfarb, J. Uremic toxicity, oxidative stress, and hemodialysis as renal replacement therapy. Semin. Dial. 2009, 22, 636–643. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liakopoulos, V.; Roumeliotis, S.; Gorny, X.; Eleftheriadis, T.; Mertens, P.R. Oxidative Stress in Patients Undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis: A Current Review of the Literature. Oxid. Med Cell Longev. 2017, 2017, 3494867. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Colombo, G.; Reggiani, F.; Cucchiari, D.; Astori, E.; Garavaglia, M.L.; Portinaro, N.M.; Saino, N.; Finazzi, S.; Milzani, A.; Badalamenti, S.; et al. Plasma Protein Carbonylation in Haemodialysed Patients: Focus on Diabetes and Gender. Oxid. Med. Cell Longev. 2018, 2018, 4149681. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mimić-Oka, J.; Simić, T.; Djukanović, L.; Reljić, Z.; Davicević, Z. Alteration in plasma antioxidant capacity in various degrees of chronic renal failure. Clin. Nephrol. 1999, 51, 233–241. [Google Scholar]
- Valentini, J.; Grotto, D.; Paniz, C.; Roehrs, M.; Burg, G.; Garcia, S.C. The influence of the hemodialysis treatment time under oxidative stress biomarkers in chronic renal failure patients. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2008, 62, 378–382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boaz, M.; Matas, Z.; Biro, A.; Katzir, Z.; Green, M.; Fainaru, M.; Smetana, S. Serum malondialdehyde and prevalent cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 1999, 56, 1078–1083. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Miller, M.A.; Cappuccio, F.P. Cellular adhesion molecules and their relationship with measures of obesity and metabolic syndrome in a multiethnic population. Int. J. Obes. 2006, 30, 1176–1182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Katunga, L.A.; Anderson, E.J. Carbonyl Stress as a Therapeutic Target for Cardiac Remodeling in Obesity/Diabetes. Austin J. Pharmacol. Ther. 2014, 2, 1047. [Google Scholar]
- Ramasamy, R.; Schmidt, A.M. Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and implications for the pathophysiology of heart failure. Curr. Heart Fail. Rep. 2012, 9, 107–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Creagh-Brown, B.C.; Quinlan, G.J.; Evans, T.W.; Burke-Gaffney, A. The RAGE axis in systemic inflammation, acute lung injury and myocardial dysfunction: An important therapeutic target? Intensive Care Med. 2010, 36, 1644–1656. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Frangogiannis, N.G. Regulation of the inflammatory response in cardiac repair. Circ Res. 2012, 110, 159–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Biernacka, A.; Dobaczewski, M.; Frangogiannis, N.G. TGF-β signaling in fibrosis. Growth Factors 2011, 29, 196–202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dobaczewski, M.; Chen, W.; Frangogiannis, N.G. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling in cardiac remodeling. J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. 2011, 51, 600–606. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yamazaki, K.G.; Gonzalez, E.; Zambon, A.C. Crosstalk between the renin-angiotensin system and the advance glycation end product axis in the heart: Role of the cardiac fibroblast. J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res. 2012, 5, 805–813. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khalil, H.; Kanisicak, O.; Prasad, V.; Correll, R.N.; Fu, X.; Schips, T.; Vagnozzi, R.J.; Liu, R.; Huynh, T.; Lee, S.J.; et al. Fibroblast-specific TGF-β-Smad2/3 signaling underlies cardiac fibrosis. J Clin Investig. 2017, 127, 3770–3783. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Manso, P.H.; Carmona, F.; Dal-Pizzol, F.; Petronilho, F.; Cardoso, F.; Castro, M.; Carlotti, A.P. Oxidative stress markers are not associated with outcomes after pediatric heart surgery. Paediatr. Anaesth. 2013, 23, 188–194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cournot, M.; Burillo, E.; Saulnier, P.J.; Planesse, C.; Gand, E.; Rehman, M.; Ragot, S.; Rondeau, P.; Catan, A.; Gonthier, M.P.; et al. Circulating Concentrations of Redox Biomarkers Do Not Improve the Prediction of Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2015, 7, e007397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Casoinic, F.; Sampelean, D.; Buzoianu, A.D.; Hancu, N.; Baston, D. Serum Levels of Oxidative Stress Markers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Rom. J. Intern. Med. 2016, 54, 228–236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Radovanovic, S.; Savic-Radojevic, A.; Pljesa-Ercegovac, M.; Djukic, T.; Suvakov, S.; Krotin, M.; Simic, D.V.; Matic, M.; Radojicic, Z.; Pekmezovic, T.; et al. Markers of oxidative damage and antioxidant enzyme activities as predictors of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. J. Card Fail. 2012, 18, 493–501. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Parameters | NG n = 12 | CR n = 14 | cLVH n = 33 | eLVH n = 45 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 51.3 ± 7.4 | 56.7 ± 24.2 | 61.1 ± 15.3 | 60.0 ± 12.7 |
Gender (f/m) | 4/8 | 4/10 | 15/18 | 17/28 |
HD vintage (months) | 52.7 ± 47.3 | 56.7 ± 55.2 | 53.5 ± 45.6 | 57.1 ± 43.8 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.7 ± 1.6 | 22.1 ± 3.1 | 23.5 ± 3.6 | 23.7 ± 3.5 |
Kt/V | 1.35 ± 0.6 | 1.39 ± 0.8 | 1.33 ± 0.7 | 1.36 ± 0.7 |
Vascular access (AV fistula) | 10 (83%) | 12 (75%) | 25 (78%) | 38 (84%) |
IDWG (kg) | 2.3 ± 1.1 | 2.8 ± 1.0 | 2.6 ± 0.9 | 3.1 ± 0.8 a |
sBP (mmHg) | 126.7 ± 21.5 | 135.0 ± 14.0 | 150.5 ± 15.6 a,c | 141.8 ± 20.0 d |
dBP (mmHg) | 63.6 ± 13.2 | 65.6 ± 10.0 | 73.2 ± 7.8 d | 72.0 ± 9.5 d |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.7 ± 2.0 | 11.0 ± 1.4 | 10.3 ± 1.5 a,e | 11.2 ± 1.0 |
Serum albumin (g/dL) | 37.3 ± 0.6 | 34.7 ± 5.1 | 31.8 ± 5.5 | 31.7 ± 6.0 |
CRP (mg/L) | 3.3 ± 2.4 | 3.9 ± 0.7 | 4.9 ± 0.5 | 4.1 ± 1.3 |
Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.4 ± 0.9 | 4.16 ± 0.9 | 4.6 ± 1.3 | 4.8 ± 1.2 |
LDL–cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 2.4 ± 0.8 | 2.7 ± 1.1 a | 3.3 ± 0.9 a |
HDL–cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.4 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 2.6 ± 0.9 | 2.1 ± 1.7 | 2.0 ± 1.2 | 2.1 ± 1.3 |
LVEDD (cm) | 4.54 ± 0.36 | 4.24 ± 0.40 | 4.86 ± 0.41 b,c | 5.17 ± 0.49 c,e |
IVST (cm) | 0.85 ± 0.17 | 0.96 ± 0.11 | 1.34 ± 0.14 b,c,e | 1.25 ± 0.13 b,c |
PWT (cm) | 0.80 ± 0.11 | 0.92 ± 0.09 | 1.41 ± 0.16 b,c,f | 1.15 ± 0.24.c |
LVWT (cm) | 1.75 ± 0.39 | 2.12 ± 0.27 b | 2.83 ± 0.22 b,c,f | 2.46 ± 0.41 b,c |
RWT (cm) | 0.30 (0.25–0.37) | 0.44 (0.43–0.46) b | 0.44 (0.43–0.52) b,c,f | 0.36 (0.28–0.41) b,c |
LVM (g) | 121.62 (75.84–188.02) | 129.38 (85.96–200.78) b | 276.74 (204.79–373.13) b,c,f | 249.96 (153.27–340.78) b,c |
LVMI (g/m2) | 67.73 (44.17–101.74) | 72.70 (49.60–104.46) b | 167.47 (138.50–238.37) b,c | 154.07 (130.24–200.07) b,c |
LVEDV (mL) | 99.42 ± 8.16 | 92.86 ± 8.85 | 106.34 ± 8.99 f | 113.04 ± 10.84 b,c |
LVESV (mL) | 37.33 ± 11.06 | 26.34 ± 5.02 a | 43.26 ± 11.01 a,b | 37.32 ± 10.84 a,b,c |
LVEF (%) | 63 (57–70) | 57 (51–60) b | 60 (55–68) b | 61 (57–69)b |
β | p | |
---|---|---|
Dependent variable: LVMI a R2 = 0.57; p < 0.001 | ||
Independent variable | ||
MDA | 0.266 | 0.011 |
PC | 0.328 | <0.001 |
TAC | −0.177 | 0.043 |
HD vintage | 0.231 | 0.010 |
Hemoglobin | −0.337 | <0.001 |
Dependent variable: LVWT b R2 = 0.61; p < 0.001 | ||
Independent variable | ||
PC | 0.288 | 0.013 |
TAC | 0.266 | 0.011 |
MDA | 0.038 | 0.22 |
Hemoglobin | −0.31 | 0.002 |
Dependent variable: RWT c R2 = 0.53; p < 0.001 | ||
Independent variable | ||
IDWG | −0.22 | 0.002 |
MDA | 0.04 | 0.072 |
PC | 0.19 | 0.003 |
Hgb | −0.33 | 0.002 |
sBP | 0.27 | 0.001 |
Dependent variable: LVEDD d R2 = 0.50; p < 0.001 | ||
Independent variable | ||
PC | 0.32 | <0.001 |
MDA | 0.16 | 0.06 |
TAC | 0.18 | 0.008 |
IDWG | −0.17 | 0.01 |
Dependent variable: LVEDV e R2 = 0.48; p < 0.001 | ||
Independent variable | ||
PC | 0.28 | <0.001 |
TAC | 0.12 | 0.04 |
IDWG | −0.10 | 0.02 |
Variables | Eccentric LVH | Concentric LVH | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
PC (Per 1 SD increase) | 1.344 (1.203–1.503 a | 1.256 (0.998–1.514) a | 1.321(1.285–1.408) a | 1.094 (0.875–2.181) c |
Tertile of PC | ||||
T1 (≤3.49) | 1.000 (reference) | 1.000 (reference) | 1.000 (reference) | 1.000 (reference) |
T2 (3.50–5.85) | 1.446 (1.277–1.615) a | 1.366 (1.218–1.533) a | 1.421 (1.277–1603) a | 1.248 (1.180–1.390) c |
T3 (>5.85) | 1.766 (1.510–2.029) a | 1.517 (1.287–1.747) a | 1688 (1.492–1884) a | 1.344 (1.211–1.507) c |
p for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.05 | 0.04 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Dimitrijevic, Z.M.; Salinger Martinovic, S.S.; Nikolic, V.N.; Cvetkovic, T.P. Protein Carbonyl Content Is a Predictive Biomarker of Eccentric Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Hemodialysis Patients. Diagnostics 2019, 9, 202. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics9040202
Dimitrijevic ZM, Salinger Martinovic SS, Nikolic VN, Cvetkovic TP. Protein Carbonyl Content Is a Predictive Biomarker of Eccentric Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Hemodialysis Patients. Diagnostics. 2019; 9(4):202. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics9040202
Chicago/Turabian StyleDimitrijevic, Zorica M., Sonja S. Salinger Martinovic, Valentina N. Nikolic, and Tatjana P. Cvetkovic. 2019. "Protein Carbonyl Content Is a Predictive Biomarker of Eccentric Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Hemodialysis Patients" Diagnostics 9, no. 4: 202. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics9040202