Prevalence of Upper Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Gastric Dysrhythmias in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Indian Populations: A Real-World Retrospective Analysis from Electrogastrography Data
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Electrogastrography (EGG)
2.2. Data Collection and Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Description of Demographic and Symptom Characteristics in Overall Population and Between Diabetic Versus Non-Diabetic Populations
3.2. Regional Analysis of Demographic and Symptom Characteristics
3.3. Water Ingestion and Gastric Myoelectric Activity Characteristics
3.4. Assessment of Upper GI Symptom Characteristics, EG-Based GMA Subtypes and Characteristics in Diabetic Versus Non-Diabetic Groups
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
APD | Antropyloroduodenal dysfunction |
BDQ | Bowel Disease Questionnaire |
cpm | Cycles per minute |
FD | Functional dyspepsia |
GCSI | Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index |
GES | Gastric electrical stimulation |
GI | Gastrointestinal |
GMA | Gastric myoelectric activity |
ICH | International Council for Harmonisation |
GCP | Good Clinical Practice |
GMAT | Gastric myoelectric activity threshold |
IEC | Independent ethics committee |
ICCs | Interstitial cells of Cajal |
nNOS | Neuronal nitric oxide synthase |
NO | Nitric oxide |
EGG | Electrogastrography |
EGGWLST | Electrogastrography with water load satiety test |
WLST | Water load satiety test |
References
- Rothstein, R.D. Gastrointestinal motility disorders in diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1990, 85, 782. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Frank, L.; Kleinman, L.; Ganoczy, D.; McQuaid, K.; Sloan, S.; Eggleston, A.; Tougas, G.; Farup, C. Upper gastrointestinal symptoms in North America: Prevalence and relationship to healthcare utilization and quality of life. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2000, 45, 809–818. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, I.H.; Schol, J.; Khatun, R.; Carbone, F.; Van den Houte, K.; Colomier, E.; Balsiger, L.M.; Törnblom, H.; Vanuytsel, T.; Sundelin, E.; et al. Worldwide prevalence and burden of gastroparesis-like symptoms as defined by the United European Gastroenterology (UEG) and European Society for Neurogastroenterology and Motility (ESNM) consensus on gastroparesis. United Eur. Gastroenterol. J. 2022, 10, 888–897. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oshima, T.; Siah, K.T.H.; Kim, Y.S.; Patcharatrakul, T.; Chen, C.-L.; Mahadeva, S.; Park, H.; Chen, M.-H.; Lu, C.-L.; Hou, X.; et al. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Survey of Gastroparesis in Asia by Asian Neurogastroenterology and Motility Association. J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2021, 27, 46–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hsu, C.T.; Azzopardi, N.; Broad, J. Prevalence and disease burden of gastroparesis in Asia. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2024, 39, 649–657. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pasricha, P.J.; Grover, M.; Yates, K.P.; Abell, T.L.; Bernard, C.E.; Koch, K.L.; McCallum, R.W.; Sarosiek, I.; Kuo, B.; Bulat, R.; et al. Functional Dyspepsia and Gastroparesis in Tertiary Care are Interchangeable Syndromes With Common Clinical and Pathologic Features. Gastroenterology 2021, 160, 2006–2017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Salet, G.A.M.; Samsom, M.; Roelofs, J.M.M.; van Berge Henegouwen, G.P.; Smout, A.J.P.M.; Akkermans, L.M.A. Responses to gastric distension in functional dyspepsia. Gut 1998, 42, 823–829. [Google Scholar]
- Tack, J.; Piessevaux, H.; Coulie, B.; Caenepeel, P.; Janssens, J. Role of impaired gastric accommodation to a meal in functional dyspepsia. Gastroenterology 1998, 115, 1346–1352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, Y.; Chen, J.D.Z.; Nojkov, B. Diagnostic Methods for Evaluation of Gastric Motility—A Mini Review. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 803. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lacy, B.E.; Crowell, M.D.; Cangemi, D.J.; Lunsford, T.N.; Simren, M.; Tack, J. Diagnostic Evaluation of Gastric Motor and Sensory Disorders. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2021, 116, 2345–2356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koch, K.L. Electrogastrography for suspected gastroparesis. In Gastroparesis; McCallum, R.W., Parkman, H.P., Eds.; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2021; pp. 189–205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parkman, H.P.; Hasler, W.L.; Barnett, J.L.; Eaker, E.Y. Electrogastrography: A document prepared by the gastric section of the American Motility Society Clinical GI Motility Testing Task Force. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2003, 15, 89–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brzana, R.J.; Koch, K.L.; Bingaman, S. Gastric myoelectrical activity in patients with gastric outlet obstruction and idiopathic gastroparesis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1998, 93, 1803–1809. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Noar, M.; Khan, S. Gastric myoelectrical activity based AI-derived threshold predicts resolution of gastroparesis post-pyloric balloon dilation. Surg. Endosc. 2023, 37, 1789–1798. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Forster, J.; Damjanov, I.; Lin, Z.; Sarosiek, I.; Wetzel, P.; McCallum, R.W. Absence of the interstitial cells of Cajal in patients with gastroparesis and correlation with clinical findings. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 2005, 9, 102–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bröker, L.E.; Hurenkamp, G.J.B.; Riet, G.; Schellevis, F.G.; Grundmeijer, H.G.; van Weert, H.C. Upper gastrointestinal symptoms, psychosocial co-morbidity and health care seeking in general practice: Population based case control study. BMC Fam. Pract. 2009, 10, 63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ballou, S.; Singh, P.; Nee, J.; Rangan, V.; Iturrino, J.; Geeganage, G.; Löwe, B.; Bangdiwala, S.I.; Palsson, O.S.; Sperber, A.D.; et al. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Bloating: Results From the Rome Foundation Global Epidemiology Study. Gastroenterology 2023, 165, 647–655.e4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ryu, M.S.; Jung, H.K.; Ryu, J.I.; Kim, J.S.; Kong, K.A. Clinical Dimensions of Bloating in Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders. J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2016, 22, 509–516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khan, U.; Samant, B.R.; Naik, N.; Sanwalka, N. Gastro-intestinal health and dietary intake in asymptomatic patient. Clin. Nutr. ESPEN 2023, 58, 603. [Google Scholar]
- Du, Y.T.; Rayner, C.K.; Jones, K.L.; Talley, N.J.; Horowitz, M. Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Diabetes: Prevalence, Assessment, Pathogenesis, and Management. Diabetes Care 2018, 41, 627–637. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Asgharnezhad, M.; Joukar, F.; Fathalipour, M.; Khosousi, M.; Hassanipour, S.; Pourshams, A.; Mansour-Ghanaei, R.; Mansour-Ghanaei, F. Gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with diabetes mellitus and non-diabetic: A cross-sectional study in north of Iran. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev. 2019, 13, 2236–2240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bytzer, P.; Talley, N.J.; Hammer, J.; Young, L.J.; Jones, M.P.; Horowitz, M. GI symptoms in diabetes mellitus are associated with both poor glycemic control and diabetic complications. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2002, 97, 604–611. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maleki, D.; Locke, G.R.; Camilleri, M.; Zinsmeister, A.R.; Yawn, B.P.; Leibson, C.; Melton, L.J. Gastrointestinal tract symptoms among persons with diabetes mellitus in the community. Arch. Intern. Med. 2000, 160, 2808–2816. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sang, M.; Wu, T.; Zhou, X.; Horowitz, M.; Jones, K.L.; Qiu, S.; Guo, H.; Wang, B.; Wang, D.; Rayner, C.K.; et al. Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Chinese Community-Dwelling Adults with and without Diabetes. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3506. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leeds, J.S.; Hadjivassiliou, M.; Tesfaye, S.; Sanders, D.S. Lower gastrointestinal symptoms are associated with worse glycemic control and quality of life in type 1 diabetes mellitus. BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care 2018, 6, e000514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ihana-Sugiyama, N.; Nagata, N.; Yamamoto-Honda, R.; Izawa, E.; Kajio, H.; Shimbo, T.; Kakei, M.; Uemura, N.; Akiyama, J.; Noda, M. Constipation, hard stools, fecal urgency, and incomplete evacuation, but not diarrhea is associated with diabetes and its related factors. World J. Gastroenterol. 2016, 22, 3252–3260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pathak, H.S.; Banik, K.; Bhattacharya, R.; Kayal, R.; Lahiri, A. Recent Trends of GI Symptoms in Diabetic Population in Eastern India: An Original Article. Int. J. Res. Rev. 2019, 6, 242–250. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, X.; Pitchumoni, C.S.; Chandrarana, K.; Shah, N. Increased prevalence of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux diseases in type 2 diabetics with neuropathy. World J. Gastroenterol. 2008, 14, 709–712. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Amador, C.; Xia, C.; Nagy, R.; Campbell, A.; Porteous, D.; Smith, B.H.; Hastie, N.; Vitart, V.; Hayward, C.; Navarro, P.; et al. Regional variation in health is predominantly driven by lifestyle rather than genetics. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 801. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- So, D.; Tuck, C. Innovative concepts in diet therapies in disorders of gut–brain interaction. JGH Open 2024, 8, e70001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Orr, W.C.; Fass, R.; Sundaram, R.S.; Schiemann, A.O. The effect of sleep on gastrointestinal functioning in common digestive diseases. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2020, 5, 616–624. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sperber, A.D.; Bangdiwala, S.I.; Drossman, D.A.; Ghoshal, U.C.; Simren, M.; Tack, J.; Whitehead, W.E.; Dumitrascu, D.L.; Fang, X.; Fukudo, S.; et al. Worldwide prevalence and burden of functional gastrointestinal disorders, results of Rome Foundation Global Study. Gastroenterology 2021, 160, 99–114.e3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Parkman, H.P.; Hallinan, E.K.; Hasler, W.L.; Farrugia, G.; Koch, K.L.; Nguyen, L.; Snape, W.J.; Abell, T.L.; McCallum, R.W.; Sarosiek, I.; et al. Early satiety and postprandial fullness in gastroparesis correlate with gastroparesis severity, gastric emptying, and water load testing. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2017, 29, e12981. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Channer, K.S.; Jackson, P.C.; O’Brien, I.; Corrall, R.J.M.; Coles, D.R.; Davies, E.R.; Virjee, J.P. Oesophageal function in diabetes mellitus and its association with autonomic neuropathy. Diabet. Med. 1985, 2, 378–382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Idrizaj, E.; Traini, C.; Vannucchi, M.G.; Baccari, M.C. Nitric Oxide: From Gastric Motility to Gastric Dysmotility. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 9990. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koch, K.L.; Van Natta, M.; Parkman, H.P.; Grover, M.; Abell, T.L.; McCallum, R.W.; Shaltout, H.A.; Sarosiek, I.; Farrugia, G.; Shulman, R.J.; et al. Effect of liquid and solid test meals on symptoms and gastric myoelectrical activity in patients with gastroparesis and functional dyspepsia. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2023, 35, e14376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Witczyńska, A.; Alaburda, A.; Grześk, G.; Nowaczyk, J.; Nowaczyk, A. Unveiling the Multifaceted Problems Associated with Dysrhythmia. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 25, 263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sanger, G.J.; Chang, L.; Bountra, C.; Houghton, L.A. Challenges and prospects for pharmacotherapy in functional gastrointestinal disorders. Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol. 2010, 3, 291–305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lacy, B.E.; Cangemi, D.J. Distinguishing between functional dyspepsia and gastroparesis: Does it matter. In Gastroparesis; McCallum, R.W., Parkman, H.P., Eds.; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2021; pp. 481–493. [Google Scholar]
Variables | Overall Population (n = 3689) | Diabetic Population (n = 714) | Non-Diabetic Population (n = 2937) | p-Value (Diabetic vs. Non-Diabetic) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, yrs (SD) | 43.18 (15.30) | 56 (12) | 40 (14.40) | <0.0001 $ |
Gender | ||||
Male, n (%) | 2011 (55%) | 365 (51%) | 1627 (55%) | |
Female, n (%) | 1675 (45%) | 349 (49%) | 1310 (45%) | |
Symptoms, n (%) | ||||
Early satiety | 1686 (46%) | 376 (56%) *** | 1310 (45%) | <0.0001 |
Postprandial fullness | 1531 (42%) | 295 (38%) | 1221 (42%) | 0.899 |
Bloating | 2498 (68%) | 519 (73%) ** | 1956 (67%) | 0.0015 |
Abdominal pain | 1191 (32%) | 217 (30%) | 954 (32%) | 0.30 |
Epigastric pain | 684 (19%) | 100 (13%) | 583 (20%) *** | 0.0003 |
Epigastric burning | 668 (18%) | 124 (17%) | 187 (6%) | 0.83 |
Anorexia | 244 (7%) | 57 (8%) | 471 (16%) | 0.13 |
Weight loss | 586 (16%) | 103 (14%) | 759 (26%) | 0.30 |
Loss of appetite | 963 (26%) | 194 (27%) | 917 (31%) | 0.47 |
Constipation | 1191 (32%) | 261 (35%) ** | 869 (30%) | 0.006 |
Reflux | 1118 (24%) | 241 (28%) * | 703 (24%) | 0.029 |
Nasuea and vomiting | 879 (24%) | 174 (23%) | 905 (31%) | 0.80 |
Nausea | 1128 (31%) | 212 (30%) | 355 (13%) | 0.55 |
GCSI score, n (%) | ||||
Mild | 2015 (55%) | 363 (51%) | 1544 (53%) | 0.40 |
Moderate | 1234 (33%) | 252 (35%) | 973 (33%) | 0.27 |
Severe | 299 (8%) | 68 (10%) | 227 (8%) | 0.11 |
Variables | North (n = 949) | South (n = 1368) | West (n = 651) | East (n = 720) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 42 (11–85) | 44 (5–87) | 43 (13–86) | 43 (6–82) | 0.0215 * ($) |
Gender | |||||
Female | 420 (44%) | 586 (43%) | 294 (45%) | 375 (52%) | |
Male | 527 (56%) | 782 (57%) | 357 (55%) | 345 (48%) | |
Early satiety | 264 (28%) | 790 (58%) | 159 (24%) | 473 (66%) *** | <0.0001 |
Postprandial fullness | 435 (46%) | 428 (31%) | 366 (56%) *** | 302 (42%) | <0.0001 |
Bloating | 583 (61%) | 1040 (76%) *** | 370 (57%) | 504 (70%) | <0.0001 |
Abdominal pain | 342 (36%) * | 418 (31%) | 210 (33%) | 216 (30%) | 0.0187 |
Epigastric pain | 227 (24%) | 128 (9%) | 186 (29%) *** | 142 (20%) | <0.0001 |
Epigastric burning | 160 (17%) | 281 (21%) | 141 (22%) *** | 86 (12%) | <0.0001 |
Anorexia | 40 (4%) | 43 (3%) | 46 (7%) | 115 (16%) *** | <0.0001 |
Weight loss | 85 (9%) | 208 (15%) | 65 (12%) | 212 (29%) *** | <0.0001 |
Loss of appetite | 352 (37%) *** | 258 (19%) | 185 (28%) | 167 (23%) | <0.0001 |
Constipation | 372 (39%) *** | 253 (18%) | 288 (44%) | 278 (39%) *** | <0.0001 |
Reflux | 125 (13%) | 622 (45%) *** | 53 (8%) | 318 (44%) | <0.0001 |
Nausea and vomiting | 195 (21%) | 324 (24%) | 187 (29%) ** | 170 (24%) | 0.002 |
Nausea | 294 (31%) | 315 (23%) | 212 (33%) | 306 (43%) *** | <0.0001 |
Variables | Overall Population (n = 3689) | Diabetic Population (n = 714) | Non-Diabetic Population (n = 2937) | p-Value (Diabetic vs. Non-Diabetic) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Amount of water ingested in mL, n (%) | ||||
Average amount of water ingested | 533.51 ± 216.35 | 543.32 ± 261.58 | 532.32 ± 204.16 | 0.22 |
>350 mL | 3201 (87%) | 590 (83%) *** | 2578 (87%) | 0.00027 |
<350 mL | 472 (13%) | 114 (16%) *** | 342 (12%) | 0.000016 |
Average water consumed >350 mL ± SD | 579.97 ± 189.86 | 605.38 ± 237.26 ** | 579.98 ± 177.27 | 0.0032 $ |
Average water consumed <350 mL ± SD | 218.49 ± 77.14 | 217.19 ± 74.39 *** | 150.67 ± 52.49 | 0.0001 $ |
GMAT score | ||||
>0.59 | 772 (20%) | 154 (22%) * | 518 (18%) | 0.015 |
<0.59 | 905 (25%) | 171 (21%) *** | 711(20%) | 0.18 |
Dysrhythmic GMA a response | ||||
Tachygastria | 1370 (37%) | 257 (36%) | 1067 (36%) | 0.86 |
Bradygastria | 795 (22%) | 134 (19%) | 645 (22%) | 0.061 |
Mixed dysrhythemia | 210 (6%) | 43 (6%) | 166 (6%) | 0.70 |
Hyponormal 3 cpm GMA | 2012 (55%) | 387 (54%) | 1590 (54%) | 0.97 |
Normal 3 cpm GMA response | ||||
Normal 3 cpm GMA | 472 (13%) | 88 (12%) | 384 (13%) | 0.59 |
Hypernormal 3 cpm GMA | 194 (5%) | 36 (5%) | 158 (5%) | 0.71 |
Normal 3 cpm with dysrhythmia b | 439 (12%) | 85 (12%) | 344 (12%) | 0.88 |
Dysfunction, n (%) | ||||
APD | 772 (20%) | 154 (22%) * | 518 (18%) | 0.01 |
ICCs | 2012 (55%) | 387 (54%) | 1590 (54%) | 0.97 |
Normal 3 cpm with and without dysrhythemia | 911 (24.7%) | 173 (24.22%) | 728 (4.78%) | 0.75 |
Early Satiety | PPD | Bloating | Abdominal Pain | Epigastric Pain | Epigastric Burning | Anorexia | Weight-Loss | LOA | Constipation | GERD | CNV | Nausea | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diabetes + Tachygastria (n = 286) | 147 (51%) * | 101 (35%) | 209 (73%) | 85 (30%) | 36 (13%) | 47 (16%) | 22 (8%) | 36 (13%) | 73 (26%) | 99 (35%) | 90 (31%) | 66 (23%) | 82 (29%) |
No diabetes + Tachygastria (n = 1067) | 449 (42%) | 411 (39%) | 718 (67%) | 332 (31%) | 178 (17%) | 187 (18%) | 64 (6%) | 199 (19%) * | 264 (25%) | 330 (31%) | 310 (29%) | 253 (24%) | 342 (32%) |
p value | 0.0059 | 0.337 | 0.0728 | 0.72 | 0.1 | 0.72 | 0.33 | 0.0174 | 0.82 | 0.25 | 0.42 | 0.87 | 0.28 |
Diabetes + Brady-gastria (n = 134) | 80 (60%) ** | 63 (47%) | 104 (78%) * | 41 (31%) | 23 (17%) | 31 (23%) | 8 (6%) | 24 (18%) | 40 (30%) | 52 (39%) | 46 (34%) | 26 (19%) | 47 (35%) |
No diabetes + Brady-gastria (n = 1067) | 317 (47%) | 292 (43%) | 465 (69%) | 221 (33%) | 150 (22%) | 119 (18%) | 44 (7%) | 80 (12%) | 156 (23%) | 215 (32%) | 214 (32%) | 144 (21%) | 206 (31%) |
p value | 0.008 | 0.44 | 0.049 | 0.684 | 0.21 | 0.144 | >0.99 | 0.066 | 0.098 | 0.13 | 0.54 | 0.72 | 0.31 |
Diabetes + mixed dys-rhythemia (n = 43) | 14 (33%) | 17 (40%) | 25 (58%) | 17 (40%) | 10 (24%) | 7 (17%) | 9 (21%) ** | 7 (17%) | 12 (29%) | 21 (49%) | 10 (24%) | 14 (33%) | 10 (24%) |
No diabetes + mixed dysrhythemia (n = 166) | 71 (43%) | 63 (38%) | 112 (67%) | 55 (33%) | 45 (27%) | 22 (13%) | 11 (7%) | 19 (11%) | 41 (25%) | 54 (33%) | 43 (26%) | 32 (19%) | 43 (26%) |
p value | 0.29 | 0.86 | 0.28 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.0076 | 0.43 | 0.69 | 0.073 | 0.84 | 0.061 | 0.85 |
Diabetes + Hyponormal (n = 391) | 199 (51%) * | 166 (42%) | 281 (72%) | 126 (32%) | 62 (16%) | 67(17%) | 28 (7%) | 56 (14%) | 111 (28%) | 158 (40%) ** | 124 (32%) | 96 (25%) | 131 (34%) |
No diabetes + hyponormal (n = 1596) | 713 (45%) | 657 (41%) | 1072 (67%) | 514 (32%) | 323 (20%) | 289 (18%) | 110 (7%) | 214 (13%) | 378 (24%) | 510 (32%) | 479 (30%) | 374 (23%) | 518 (32%) |
p value | 0.027 | 0.647 | 0.069 | >0.99 | 0.06 | 0.71 | 0.82 | 0.622 | 0.057 | 0.0019 | 0.53 | 0.64 | 0.72 |
Diabetes + normal GMA (n = 88) | 50 (57%) * | 38 (44%) | 64 (74%) | 25 (29%) | 8 (9%) | 8 (9%) | 7 (8%) | 10 (11%) | 21 (24%) | 26 (30%) | 28 (32%) | 21 (24%) | 22 (26%) |
No diabetes + normal GMA (n = 384) | 171 (45%) | 159 (41%) | 247 (64%) | 132 (34%) | 81 (21%) ** | 61 (16%) | 23 (6%) | 65 (17%) | 108 (28%) | 117 (30%) | 109 (28%) | 101 (26%) | 115 (30%) |
p value | 0.044 | 0.72 | 0.078 | 0.37 | 0.0097 | 0.064 | 0.1 | 0.13 | 0.5 | >0.99 | 0.52 | 0.79 | 0.51 |
Diabetes + hypernormal (n = 36) | 21 (58%) | 16 (44%) | 24 (67%) | 15 (42%) | 7 (19%) | 8 (22%) | 3 (8%) | 6 (17%) | 9 (25%) | 12 (33%) | 12 (33%) | 10 (28%) | 10 (28%) |
No diabetes + hypernomal (n = 135) | 70 (52%) | 70 (52%) | 90 (67%) | 47 (35%) | 31 (23%) | 26 (19%) | 7 (5%) | 26 (19%) | 46 (34%) | 46 (34%) | 42 (31%) | 35 (26%) | 38 (28%) |
p value | 0.57 | 0.45 | >0.99 | 0.44 | 0.822 | 0.64 | 0.44 | 0.81 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.84 | 0.83 | >0.99 |
Diabetes + normal GMA dys-rhythmia (n = 85) | 39 (46%) | 23 (27%) | 62 (73%) | 20 (24%) | 9 (11%) | 15 (18%) | 3 (4%) | 7 (8%) | 19 (22%) | 23 (27%) | 28(33%) | 15 (18%) | 17 (20%) |
No Diabetes + normal GMA dys-rhythmia (n = 344) | 142 (41%) | 134 (39%) | 229 (67%) | 107 (31%) | 65 (19%) | 59 (17%) | 20 (6%) | 71 (21%) ** | 97 (28%) | 102 (30%) | 98 (28%) | 74 (22%) | 102 (30%) |
p value | 0.46 | 0.27 | 0.33 | 0.18 | 0.078 | 0.87 | 0.59 | 0.0072 | 0.33 | 0.69 | 0.42 | 0.55 | 0.07 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Bandyopadhyay, S.; Kolatkar, A. Prevalence of Upper Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Gastric Dysrhythmias in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Indian Populations: A Real-World Retrospective Analysis from Electrogastrography Data. Diagnostics 2025, 15, 895. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15070895
Bandyopadhyay S, Kolatkar A. Prevalence of Upper Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Gastric Dysrhythmias in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Indian Populations: A Real-World Retrospective Analysis from Electrogastrography Data. Diagnostics. 2025; 15(7):895. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15070895
Chicago/Turabian StyleBandyopadhyay, Sanjay, and Ajit Kolatkar. 2025. "Prevalence of Upper Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Gastric Dysrhythmias in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Indian Populations: A Real-World Retrospective Analysis from Electrogastrography Data" Diagnostics 15, no. 7: 895. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15070895
APA StyleBandyopadhyay, S., & Kolatkar, A. (2025). Prevalence of Upper Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Gastric Dysrhythmias in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Indian Populations: A Real-World Retrospective Analysis from Electrogastrography Data. Diagnostics, 15(7), 895. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15070895