Comparison of Automated Keratometer and Scheimpflug Tomography for Predicting Refractive Astigmatism in Pseudophakic Eyes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patients and Surgical Procedures
2.2. Postoperative Measurements
2.3. Astigmatism Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Comparing Refractive and Corneal Magnitudes of Astigmatism
3.2. Comparing Refractive and Corneal Astigmatism Using the Steep Corneal Meridian as the Reference Plane
4. Discussion
KP(Φ)RA = −0.04 + 0.94 × KP(Φ)KA+ 0.39 × cos(2α)
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Absolute Value | ||
---|---|---|
Standard Deviation | Range | |
Horizontal decentration (mm) | 0.16 0.11 | 0~0.38 |
Vertical decentration (mm) | 0.14 0.11 | 0~0.35 |
Total decentration (mm) | 0.24 0.12 | 0~0.39 |
Horizontal tilt (degrees) | 1.25 0.95 | 0~3.0 |
Vertical tilt (degrees) | 1.46 1.08 | 0~3.5 |
Parameter | SD | Difference with RA | p Value * | |
---|---|---|---|---|
RA | 0.70 0.61 | |||
Automated K | 0.72 0.56 | −0.02 0.45 | 0.845 | |
Scheimpflug KA | 0.73 0.56 | −0.03 0.42 | 0.576 | |
Scheimpflug TCRP 2.0 mm | pupil/zone | 0.78 0.60 | −0.08 0.47 | 0.148 |
apex/zone | 1.03 0.67 | −0.33 0.50 | <0.001 | |
pupil/ring | 0.87 0.64 | −0.17 0.41 | 0.001 | |
apex/ring | 0.86 0.61 | −0.16 0.41 | 0.001 | |
Scheimpflug TCRP 3.0 mm | pupil/zone | 0.84 0.61 | −0.14 0.39 | 0.233 |
apex/zone | 0.80 0.59 | −0.10 0.40 | 0.033 | |
pupil/ring | 0.80 0.55 | −0.10 0.39 | 0.023 | |
apex/ring | 0.83 0.64 | −0.13 0.41 | 0.007 | |
Scheimpflug TCRP 4.0 mm | pupil/zone | 0.75 0.60 | −0.05 0.35 | 0.300 |
apex/zone | 0.75 0.57 | −0.04 0.37 | 0.357 | |
pupil/ring | 0.81 0.55 | −0.11 0.45 | 0.037 | |
apex/ring | 0.81 0.59 | −0.11 0.45 | 0.064 | |
Difference between parameters (p value) ** | <0.001 |
Keratometric Measurement | (D) ± SD | Difference from Zero (p Value) † | (D) ± SD | Mean DA (D @ Degree) | (D) ± SD | Range of DA (D) | Percentage of DA Magnitude within 0.50 D | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Automated KA | −0.13 0.46 | 0.005 | −0.04 0.31 | 0.579 | 0.14 @ 98 | 0.51 0.25 | 0–1.25 | 51.6 | |
Scheimpflug KA | −0.22 0.40 | <0.001 | −0.01 0.37 | 0.799 | 0.22 @ 91 | 0.54 0.23 | 0–1.20 | 46.3 | |
Scheimpflug TCRP 2.0 mm | pupil/zone | −0.28 0.49 | <0.001 | 0.04 0.42 | 0.189 | 0.28 @ 86 | 0.59 0.37 | 0.09–2.03 | 49.5 |
apex/zone | −0.52 0.51 | <0.001 | 0.06 0.37 | 0.077 | 0.52 @ 87 | 0.70 0.42 | 0.07–2.03 | 37.9 | |
pupil/ring | −0.33 0.40 | <0.001 | 0.08 0.32 | 0.017 | 0.34 @ 84 | 0.53 0.31 | 0–1.50 | 52.6 | |
apex/ring | −0.34 0.39 | <0.001 | 0.10 0.37 | 0.007 | 0.35 @ 82 | 0.56 0.31 | 0.02–1.50 | 49.5 | |
Scheimpflug TCRP 3.0 mm | pupil/zone | −0.29 0.38 | <0.001 | 0.07 0.32 | 0.018 | 0.30 @ 83 | 0.50 0.29 | 0.05–1.30 | 54.7 |
apex/zone | −0.27 0.38 | <0.001 | 0.11 0.36 | 0.004 | 0.29 @ 79 | 0.53 0.29 | 0.05–1.30 | 55.8 | |
pupil/ring | −0.26 0.39 | <0.001 | 0.13 0.34 | 0.001 | 0.29 @ 77 | 0.53 0.28 | 0.03–1.38 | 51.6 | |
apex/ring | −0.27 0.40 | <0.001 | 0.11 0.32 | 0.002 | 0.29 @ 79 | 0.51 0.29 | 0–1.39 | 54.7 | |
Scheimpflug TCRP 4.0 mm | pupil/zone | −0.16 0.33 | <0.001 | 0.07 0.30 | 0.013 | 0.18 @ 78 | 0.42 0.24 | 0.03–1.10 | 62.1 |
apex/zone | −0.19 0.37 | <0.001 | 0.10 0.33 | 0.007 | 0.21 @ 76 | 0.47 0.26 | 0.02–1.07 | 51.6 | |
pupil/ring | −0.34 0.47 | <0.001 | 0.08 0.38 | 0.059 | 0.35 @ 83 | 0.61 0.34 | 0.03–1.40 | 43.2 | |
apex/ring | −0.31 0.45 | <0.001 | 0.05 0.39 | 0.338 | 0.31 @ 85 | 0.58 0.33 | 0.07–1.44 | 45.3 | |
Difference between parameters (p value) * | <0.001 | 0.027 | <0.001 |
Keratometric Measurement | (D) ± SD | Difference from Zero (p Value) † | (D) ± SD | Difference from Zero (p Value) † | Mean DA (D @ Degree) | (D) ± SD | Range of DA (D) | Percentage of DA within 0.50 D | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Automated KA | −0.44 0.32 | <0.001 | −0.02 0.28 | 0.905 | 0.44 @ 0 | 0.54 0.28 | 0.08–1.25 | 46.7 | |
Scheimpflug KA | −0.47 0.28 | <0.001 | 0.01 0.33 | 0.915 | 0.38 @ 0 | 0.58 0.26 | 0.09–1.20 | 40.0 | |
Scheimpflug TCRP 2.0 mm | pupil/zone | −0.42 0.37 | <0.001 | 0.11 0.31 | 0.029 | 0.06 @ 52 | 0.56 0.32 | 0.09–1.50 | 55.6 |
apex/zone | −0.61 0.42 | <0.001 | 0.12 0.33 | 0.041 | 0.01 @ 169 | 0.72 0.38 | 0.16–1.95 | 33.3 | |
pupil/ring | −0.43 0.35 | <0.001 | 0.11 0.29 | 0.023 | 0.07 @ 34 | 0.56 0.30 | 0.05–1.40 | 51.1 | |
apex/ring | −0.47 0.33 | <0.001 | 0.15 0.31 | 0.002 | 0.05 @ 49 | 0.59 0.30 | 0.07–1.44 | 44.4 | |
Scheimpflug TCRP 3.0 mm | pupil/zone | −0.40 0.33 | <0.001 | 0.11 0.29 | 0.021 | 0.07 @ 28 | 0.53 0.28 | 0.15~1.30 | 55.6 |
apex/zone | −0.43 0.31 | <0.001 | 0.15 0.32 | 0.005 | 0.06 @ 35 | 0.56 0.27 | 0.09–1.30 | 51.1 | |
pupil/ring | −0.38 0.40 | <0.001 | 0.10 0.28 | 0.019 | 0.08 @ 11 | 0.55 0.29 | 0.05–1.18 | 46.7 | |
apex/ring | −0.36 0.41 | <0.001 | 0.09 0.28 | 0.027 | 0.12 @ 7 | 0.54 0.30 | 0.09–1.31 | 51.1 | |
Scheimpflug TCRP 4.0 mm | pupil/zone | −0.26 0.34 | <0.001 | 0.08 0.28 | 0.020 | 0.11 @ 11 | 0.44 0.26 | 0.05–1.10 | 55.6 |
apex/zone | −0.33 0.36 | <0.001 | 0.10 0.30 | 0.043 | 0.10 @ 15 | 0.52 0.27 | 0.09–1.03 | 48.9 | |
pupil/ring | −0.45 0.44 | <0.001 | 0.06 0.30 | 0.240 | 0.19 @ 1 | 0.61 0.34 | 0.10–1.40 | 40.0 | |
apex/ring | −0.41 0.45 | <0.001 | 0.04 0.30 | 0.464 | 0.23 @ 179 | 0.59 0.33 | 0.07–1.40 | 44.4 | |
Difference between parameters (p value) * | <0.001 | 0.030 | <0.001 |
Keratometric Measurement | (D) ± SD | Difference from Zero (p Value) † | (D) ± SD | Difference from Zero (p Value) † | Mean DA (D @ Degree) | (D) ± SD | Range of DA (D) | Percentage of DA within 0.50 D | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Automated KA | −0.10 0.29 | 0.148 | −0.09 0.38 | 0.469 | 0.29 @ 172 | 0.44 0.20 | 0.05–0.97 | 68.8 | |
Scheimpflug KA | −0.19 0.31 | 0.028 | 0.03 0.38 | 0.753 | 0.31 @ 169 | 0.46 0.23 | 0.00–0.84 | 62.5 | |
Scheimpflug TCRP 2.0 mm | pupil/zone | −0.09 0.51 | 0.642 | −0.04 0.39 | 0.433 | 0.16 @ 4 | 0.52 0.38 | 0.12–1.25 | 50.0 |
apex/zone | −0.38 0.58 | 0.039 | 0.04 0.32 | 0.875 | 0.08 @ 157 | 0.61 0.44 | 0.07–1.53 | 50.0 | |
pupil/ring | −0.27 0.46 | 0.061 | 0.06 0.27 | 0.666 | 0.05 @ 136 | 0.49 0.34 | 0.00–1.19 | 56.3 | |
apex/ring | −0.21 0.42 | 0.063 | 0.09 0.33 | 0.470 | 0.09 @ 167 | 0.47 0.32 | 0.02–1.11 | 56.3 | |
Scheimpflug TCRP 3.0 mm | pupil/zone | −0.28 0.44 | 0.049 | 0.08 0.27 | 0.382 | 0.02 @ 159 | 0.49 0.33 | 0.06~1.16 | 50.0 |
apex/zone | −0.12 0.41 | 0.278 | 0.07 0.29 | 0.510 | 0.10 @ 6 | 0.42 0.30 | 0.05~1.01 | 62.5 | |
pupil/ring | −0.20 0.32 | 0.026 | 0.12 0.29 | 0.158 | 0.02 @ 151 | 0.43 0.21 | 0.14–0.88 | 62.5 | |
apex/ring | −0.18 0.29 | 0.023 | 0.09 0.29 | 0.328 | 0.04 @ 133 | 0.41 0.19 | 0.15–0.73 | 68.8 | |
Scheimpflug TCRP 4.0 mm | pupil/zone | −0.14 0.29 | 0.079 | 0.10 0.30 | 0.365 | 0.08 @ 169 | 0.38 0.22 | 0.07–0.80 | 68.8 |
apex/zone | −0.10 0.33 | 0.098 | 0.10 0.26 | 0.198 | 0.07 @ 5 | 0.35 0.25 | 0.03–0.88 | 62.5 | |
pupil/ring | −0.37 0.28 | 0.001 | 0.13 0.39 | 0.638 | 0.11 @ 4 | 0.51 0.35 | 0.03–1.30 | 62.5 | |
apex/ring | −0.29 0.30 | 0.003 | 0.01 0.49 | 0.730 | 0.28 @ 169 | 0.54 0.34 | 0.10–1.44 | 50.0 | |
Difference between parameters (p value) * | 0.026 | 0.389 | 0.330 |
Keratometric Measurement | (D) ± SD | Difference from Zero (p Value) † | (D) ± SD | Difference from Zero (p Value) † | Mean DA (D @ Degree) | (D) ± SD | Range of DA (D) | Percentage of DA within 0.50 D | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Automated KA | 0.26 0.37 | <0.001 | −0.03 0.32 | 0.784 | 0.30 @ 177 | 0.49 0.24 | 0.00–1.07 | 50.0 | |
Scheimpflug KA | 0.09 0.35 | 0.209 | −0.06 0.44 | 0.477 | 0.37 @ 178 | 0.53 0.19 | 0.10–0.91 | 47.1 | |
Scheimpflug TCRP 2.0 mm | pupil/zone | −0.19 0.57 | 0.066 | −0.01 0.53 | 0.859 | 0.17 @ 170 | 0.68 0.42 | 0.12–2.03 | 41.2 |
apex/zone | −0.46 0.58 | <0.001 | −0.01 0.45 | 0.822 | 0.17 @ 89 | 0.72 0.47 | 0.12–2.03 | 38.2 | |
pupil/ring | −0.22 0.42 | 0.010 | 0.04 0.38 | 0.445 | 0.10 @ 53 | 0.52 0.31 | 0.05–1.50 | 52.9 | |
apex/ring | −0.23 0.41 | 0.004 | 0.04 0.44 | 0.449 | 0.07 @ 38 | 0.55 0.33 | 0.06–1.50 | 52.9 | |
Scheimpflug TCRP 3.0 mm | pupil/zone | −0.16 0.38 | 0.043 | 0.02 0.38 | 0.487 | 0.07 @ 47 | 0.47 0.29 | 0.05–1.15 | 55.9 |
apex/zone | −0.14 0.40 | 0.074 | 0.07 0.45 | 0.268 | 0.12 @ 18 | 0.54 0.29 | 0.06–1.15 | 58.8 | |
pupil/ring | −0.13 0.38 | 0.089 | 0.16 0.43 | 0.048 | 0.29 @ 13 | 0.53 0.29 | 0.03–1.38 | 52.9 | |
apex/ring | −0.19 0.41 | 0.008 | 0.14 0.38 | 0.042 | 0.18 @ 29 | 0.51 0.31 | 0–1.39 | 52.9 | |
Scheimpflug TCRP 4.0 mm | pupil/zone | −0.05 0.30 | 0.478 | 0.05 0.34 | 0.334 | 0.11 @ 22 | 0.40 0.20 | 0.03–0.85 | 67.6 |
apex/zone | −0.04 0.33 | 0.407 | 0.09 0.40 | 0.184 | 0.20 @ 15 | 0.47 0.23 | 0.02–1.07 | 50.0 | |
pupil/ring | −0.18 0.55 | 0.077 | 0.09 0.48 | 0.221 | 0.39 @ 11 | 0.67 0.32 | 0.17–1.36 | 38.2 | |
apex/ring | −0.17 0.48 | 0.032 | 0.08 0.45 | 0.327 | 0.26 @ 9 | 0.59 0.32 | 0.11–1.20 | 44.1 | |
Difference between parameters (p value) * | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Keratometric Measurement | Linear Regression Equation | r2 | * p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Automated KA | −0.04 + 0.92 KP(Φ) + 0.39 cos(2α) | 0.76 | <0.001 | |
Scheimpflug KA | −0.17 + 0.99 KP(Φ) + 0.36 cos(2α) | 0.81 | <0.001 | |
Scheimpflug TCRP 2.0 mm | pupil/zone | −0.13 + 0.78 KP(Φ) + 0.09 cos(2α) | 0.50 | <0.001 |
apex/zone | −0.23 + 0.71 KP(Φ) + 0.04 cos(2α) | 0.50 | <0.001 | |
pupil/ring | −0.22 + 0.86 KP(Φ) + 0.07 cos(2α) | 0.66 | <0.001 | |
apex/ring | −0.26 + 0.90 KP(Φ) + 0.05 cos(2α) | 0.66 | <0.001 | |
Scheimpflug TCRP 3.0 mm | pupil/zone | −0.24 + 0.91 KP(Φ) + 0.07 cos(2α) | 0.69 | <0.001 |
apex/zone | −0.22 + 0.91 KP(Φ) + 0.09 cos(2α) | 0.68 | <0.001 | |
pupil/ring | −0.24 + 0.95 KP(Φ) + 0.14 cos(2α) | 0.67 | <0.001 | |
apex/ring | −0.15 + 0.84 KP(Φ) + 0.12 cos(2α) | 0.68 | <0.001 | |
Scheimpflug TCRP 4.0 mm | pupil/zone | −0.13 + 0.93 KP(Φ) + 0.13 cos(2α) | 0.77 | <0.001 |
apex/zone | −0.16 + 0.94 KP(Φ) + 0.15 cos(2α) | 0.71 | <0.001 | |
pupil/ring | −0.29 + 0.94 KP(Φ) + 0.27 cos(2α) | 0.63 | <0.001 | |
apex/ring | −0.19 + 0.86 KP(Φ) + 0.26 cos(2α) | 0.65 | <0.001 |
Keratometric Measurement | (D) ± SD | Difference from Zero (p Value) † | (D) ± SD | Difference from Zero (p Value) † | Mean DA (D @ Degree) | (D) ± SD | Range of DA (D) | Percentage of DA Magnitude within 0.50 D | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Automated KA | 0.00 0.32 | 0.509 | −0.04 0.31 | 0.579 | 0.04 @ 133 | 0.38 0.23 | 0.03–1.30 | 71.6 | |
Scheimpflug KA | 0.00 0.30 | 0.844 | −0.01 0.37 | 0.799 | 0.01 @ 146 | 0.42 0.21 | 0.02–0.94 | 67.4 | |
Scheimpflug TCRP 2.0 mm | pupil/zone | 0.00 0.47 | 0.994 | 0.04 0.42 | 0.189 | 0.04 @ 43 | 0.53 0.33 | 0.01–1.60 | 54.7 |
apex/zone | 0.00 0.48 | 0.994 | 0.06 0.37 | 0.077 | 0.06 @ 44 | 0.53 0.29 | 0.01–1.39 | 50.5 | |
pupil/ring | 0.00 0.39 | 0.724 | 0.08 0.32 | 0.017 | 0.08 @ 46 | 0.45 0.23 | 0.02–1.14 | 65.3 | |
apex/ring | 0.00 0.39 | 0.897 | 0.10 0.37 | 0.007 | 0.10 @ 45 | 0.47 0.26 | 0.04–1.31 | 64.2 | |
Scheimpflug TCRP 3.0 mm | pupil/zone | 0.00 0.37 | 0.622 | 0.07 0.32 | 0.018 | 0.07 @ 42 | 0.44 0.22 | 0.03–1.02 | 65.3 |
apex/zone | 0.00 0.38 | 0.867 | 0.11 0.36 | 0.004 | 0.11 @ 44 | 0.47 0.25 | 0.04–1.19 | 57.9 | |
pupil/ring | 0.00 0.38 | 0.667 | 0.13 0.34 | 0.001 | 0.13 @ 44 | 0.46 0.25 | 0–1.10 | 58.9 | |
apex/ring | 0.00 0.37 | 0.758 | 0.11 0.32 | 0.002 | 0.11 @ 46 | 0.44 0.25 | 0.01–1.09 | 63.2 | |
Scheimpflug TCRP 4.0 mm | pupil/zone | 0.00 0.31 | 0.683 | 0.07 0.30 | 0.013 | 0.07 @ 45 | 0.38 0.21 | 0.02–0.88 | 73.7 |
apex/zone | 0.00 0.35 | 0.705 | 0.10 0.33 | 0.007 | 0.10 @ 46 | 0.43 0.23 | 0.03–0.99 | 61.1 | |
pupil/ring | 0.00 0.42 | 0.956 | 0.08 0.38 | 0.059 | 0.08 @ 45 | 0.50 0.28 | 0.01–1.14 | 55.8 | |
apex/ring | 0.00 0.40 | 0.962 | 0.05 0.39 | 0.338 | 0.05 @ 46 | 0.49 0.27 | 0.01–1.27 | 54.7 | |
Difference between parameters (p value) * | 0.746 | 0.027 | <0.001 |
Keratometric Measurement | (D) ± SD | Difference between Automated KA and TCRP 4.0 mm, Pupil/Zone (p Value) * | (D) ± SD | Difference between Automated KA and TCRP 4.0 mm, Pupil/Zone (p Value) * | (D) ± SD | Difference between Parameters (p Value) * | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before optimization | Automated KA | −0.13 0.46 | 0.662 | −0.04 0.31 | 0.003 | 0.51 0.25 | 0.001 |
TCRP 4.0 mm Pupil/zone | −0.16 0.33 | 0.07 0.30 | 0.42 0.24 | ||||
After optimization | Automated KA | 0.00 0.32 | 0.499 | −0.04 0.31 | 0.003 | 0.38 0.23 | 0.733 |
TCRP 4.0 mm Pupil/zone | 0.00 0.31 | 0.07 0.30 | 0.38 0.21 | ||||
Difference according to optimization (p value) * | Automated KA | <0.001 | 1.00 | <0.001 | |||
TCRP 4.0 mm Pupil/zone | <0.001 | 0.054 |
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Na, K.-S.; Savini, G.; Whang, W.-J.; Næser, K. Comparison of Automated Keratometer and Scheimpflug Tomography for Predicting Refractive Astigmatism in Pseudophakic Eyes. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 3687. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13243687
Na K-S, Savini G, Whang W-J, Næser K. Comparison of Automated Keratometer and Scheimpflug Tomography for Predicting Refractive Astigmatism in Pseudophakic Eyes. Diagnostics. 2023; 13(24):3687. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13243687
Chicago/Turabian StyleNa, Kyung-Sun, Giacomo Savini, Woong-Joo Whang, and Kristian Næser. 2023. "Comparison of Automated Keratometer and Scheimpflug Tomography for Predicting Refractive Astigmatism in Pseudophakic Eyes" Diagnostics 13, no. 24: 3687. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13243687
APA StyleNa, K. -S., Savini, G., Whang, W. -J., & Næser, K. (2023). Comparison of Automated Keratometer and Scheimpflug Tomography for Predicting Refractive Astigmatism in Pseudophakic Eyes. Diagnostics, 13(24), 3687. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13243687