Cholesterol Efflux Capacity Associates with the Ankle-Brachial Index but Not All-Cause Mortality in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Patient Characteristics
3.2. Determinants of CEC in PAD Patients
3.3. Association of Cholesterol Efflux with All-Cause Mortality
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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First (n = 27) | Second (n = 27) | Third (n = 27) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
CEC | 85.0 (79.0–88.5) | 99.0 (95.5–102.0) | 118.0 (111.0–135.0) | <0.001 |
Patient Characteristics | ||||
Male gender, n (%) | 22 (82) | 21 (78) | 21 (79) | 0.928 |
Age, years | 68.3 ± 8.9 | 68.5 ± 11.5 | 66.2 ± 8.9 | 0.648 |
Smoking, n (%) | 19 (70) | 12 (44) | 14 (52) | 0.142 |
History of MI, n (%) | 12 (44) | 5 (19) a | 4 (15) b | 0.026 |
History of CVA, n (%) | 15 (56) | 12 (44) | 11 (41) | 0.525 |
Diabetes, n (%) | 10 (37) | 5 (19) | 7 (26) | 0.306 |
Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 21 (78) | 18 (67) | 23 (85) | 0.271 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 22 (82) | 21 (78) | 22 (82) | 0.925 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 25.6 (24.1–28.5) | 25.7 (23.3–29.0) | 24.0 (22.0–27.8) | 0.223 |
Lipid Profile | ||||
Cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.2 ± 1.1 | 4.5 ± 1.1 | 4.6 ± 0.9 | 0.317 |
HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.16 ± 0.36 | 1.25 ± 0.34 | 1.42 ± 0.41 b | 0.033 |
LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.5 ± 1.8 | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 3.0 ± 0.8 | 0.665 |
Non-HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 3.0 ± 1.2 | 3.3 ± 1.0 | 3.2 ± 0.8 | 0.721 |
Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.95 (1.51–3.00) | 1.50 (0.98–1.99) | 2.01 (1.12–2.52) | 0.051 |
ApoA-I, g/L | 1.36 ± 0.24 | 1.48 ± 0.21 | 1.56 ± 0.28 b | 0.012 |
ApoB, g/L | 0.94 ± 0.17 | 0.90 ± 0.22 | 0.92 ± 0.19 | 0.688 |
Lp(a), mg/L | 224 (77–701) | 150 (47–212) | 146 (38–565) | 0.401 |
Homocysteine, µmol/L | 14.7 (12.2–19.3) | 13.7 (11.5–16.0) | 12.9 (10.7–15.0) | 0.171 |
Inflammation | ||||
CRP, mg/L | 4.1 (2.2–6.3) | 3.1 (1.6–6.4) | 2.8 (1.3–4.8) | 0.424 |
Kidney Function | ||||
eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 67 ± 20 | 70 ± 20 | 63 ± 21 | 0.410 |
Extent of PAD | ||||
ABI | 0.76 ± 0.17 | 0.80 ± 0.23 | 0.89 ± 0.18 b | 0.042 |
cIMT, mm | 0.78 ± 0.13 | 0.77 ± 0.16 | 0.76 ± 0.11 | 0.792 |
Fontaine stage | 0.596 | |||
Stage I | 11 (41) | 10 (37) | 11 (41) | |
Stage IIa | 7 (26) | 11 (41) | 12 (44) | |
Stage IIb | 8 (30) | 4 (15) | 4 (15) | |
Stage IIc | 1 (4) | 2 (7) | 0 (0) | |
Stage III | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Stage IV | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Determinant | β Coefficient | p-Value |
---|---|---|
Patient Characteristics | ||
Age | −0.149 | 0.183 |
BMI | −0.164 | 0.134 |
Lipid Profile | ||
Cholesterol | 0.028 | 0.800 |
HDL-cholesterol | 0.333 | 0.003 |
Non-HDL cholesterol | −0.093 | 0.398 |
LDL-cholesterol | −0.112 | 0.616 |
Triglycerides | −0.155 | 0.158 |
ApoA-I | 0.363 | 0.001 |
ApoB | −0.060 | 0.584 |
Lp(a) | −0.179 | 0.119 |
Homocystein | −0.161 | 0.154 |
Inflammation | ||
CRP | −0.141 | 0.204 |
Kidney Function | ||
eGFR | −0.186 | 0.089 |
Extent of PAD | ||
ABI | 0.258 | 0.018 |
cIMT | −0.085 | 0.456 |
HR Per 1-SD Increment [95%CI] | p-Value | |
---|---|---|
Crude | 0.843 (0.587–1.208) | 0.352 |
Corrected for gender | 0.867 (0.599–1.255) | 0.449 |
Corrected for age and gender | 0.925 (0.639–1.340) | 0.680 |
Corrected for age, gender, and HDL-C | 0.953 (0.651–1.398) | 0.807 |
Corrected for age, gender, and ABI | 0.932 (0.625–1.389) | 0.729 |
Corrected for age, gender, and smoking | 0.992 (0.675–1.457) | 0.967 |
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Clemens, R.K.; Hunjadi, M.; Ritsch, A.; Rohrer, L.; Meier, T.O.; Amann-Vesti, B.; von Eckardstein, A.; Annema, W. Cholesterol Efflux Capacity Associates with the Ankle-Brachial Index but Not All-Cause Mortality in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease. Diagnostics 2021, 11, 1407. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11081407
Clemens RK, Hunjadi M, Ritsch A, Rohrer L, Meier TO, Amann-Vesti B, von Eckardstein A, Annema W. Cholesterol Efflux Capacity Associates with the Ankle-Brachial Index but Not All-Cause Mortality in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease. Diagnostics. 2021; 11(8):1407. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11081407
Chicago/Turabian StyleClemens, Robert K., Monika Hunjadi, Andreas Ritsch, Lucia Rohrer, Thomas O. Meier, Beatrice Amann-Vesti, Arnold von Eckardstein, and Wijtske Annema. 2021. "Cholesterol Efflux Capacity Associates with the Ankle-Brachial Index but Not All-Cause Mortality in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease" Diagnostics 11, no. 8: 1407. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11081407