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Diagnostics
Volume 11
Issue 3
10.3390/diagnostics11030522
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Article

HCV Diagnosis and Sequencing Using Dried Blood Spots from Patients in Kinshasa (DRC): A Tool to Achieve WHO 2030 Targets

by
Teresa Carrasco
1,
David Barquín
1,
Adolphe Ndarabu
2,
Mirian Fernández-Alonso
1,3,4,
Marina Rubio-Garrido
5,
Silvia Carlos
3,4,6,
Benit Makonda
2,
África Holguín
5 and
Gabriel Reina
1,3,4,*
1
Microbiology Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
2
Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Monkole, 4484 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
3
ISTUN, Institute of Tropical Health, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
4
IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
5
HIV-1 Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Microbiology and Parasitology Department and Instituto Ramón y Cajal para la Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Red en Investigación Translacional en Infecciones Pediátricas (RITIP), 28034 Madrid, Spain
6
Department Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Diagnostics 2021, 11(3), 522; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11030522
Submission received: 2 February 2021 / Revised: 9 March 2021 / Accepted: 11 March 2021 / Published: 15 March 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Diagnostics and Testing Strategies for Hepatitis C Virus (HCV))
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Abstract

The World Health Organization has established an elimination plan for hepatitis C virus (HCV) by 2030. In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) access to diagnostic tools is limited, and a number of genotype 4 subtypes have been shown to be resistant to some direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). This study aims to analyze diagnostic assays for HCV based on dried blood spots (DBS) specimens collected in Kinshasa and to characterize genetic diversity of the virus within a group of mainly HIV positive patients. HCV antibody detection was performed on 107 DBS samples with Vidas® anti-HCV and Elecsys anti-HCV II, and on 31 samples with INNO-LIA HCV. Twenty-six samples were subjected to molecular detection. NS3, NS5A, and NS5B regions from 11 HCV viremic patients were sequenced. HCV seroprevalence was 12.2% (72% with detectable HCV RNA). Both Elecsys Anti-HCV and INNO-LIA HCV were highly sensitive and specific, whereas Vidas® anti-HCV lacked full sensitivity and specificity when DBS sample was used. NS5B/NS5A/NS3 sequencing revealed exclusively GT4 isolates (50% subtype 4r, 30% 4c and 20% 4k). All 4r strains harbored NS5A resistance-associated substitutions (RAS) at positions 28, 30, and 31, but no NS3 RAS was detected. Elecsys Anti-HCV and INNO-LIA HCV are reliable methods to detect HCV antibodies using DBS. HCV subtype 4r was the most prevalent among our patients. RASs found in subtype 4r in NS5A region confer unknown susceptibility to DAA.
Keywords: hepatitis C virus; dried blood spots; direct-acting antivirals; resistance-associated substitutions; Kinshasa; genotype 4 hepatitis C virus; dried blood spots; direct-acting antivirals; resistance-associated substitutions; Kinshasa; genotype 4

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MDPI and ACS Style

Carrasco, T.; Barquín, D.; Ndarabu, A.; Fernández-Alonso, M.; Rubio-Garrido, M.; Carlos, S.; Makonda, B.; Holguín, Á.; Reina, G. HCV Diagnosis and Sequencing Using Dried Blood Spots from Patients in Kinshasa (DRC): A Tool to Achieve WHO 2030 Targets. Diagnostics 2021, 11, 522. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11030522

AMA Style

Carrasco T, Barquín D, Ndarabu A, Fernández-Alonso M, Rubio-Garrido M, Carlos S, Makonda B, Holguín Á, Reina G. HCV Diagnosis and Sequencing Using Dried Blood Spots from Patients in Kinshasa (DRC): A Tool to Achieve WHO 2030 Targets. Diagnostics. 2021; 11(3):522. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11030522

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carrasco, Teresa, David Barquín, Adolphe Ndarabu, Mirian Fernández-Alonso, Marina Rubio-Garrido, Silvia Carlos, Benit Makonda, África Holguín, and Gabriel Reina. 2021. "HCV Diagnosis and Sequencing Using Dried Blood Spots from Patients in Kinshasa (DRC): A Tool to Achieve WHO 2030 Targets" Diagnostics 11, no. 3: 522. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11030522

APA Style

Carrasco, T., Barquín, D., Ndarabu, A., Fernández-Alonso, M., Rubio-Garrido, M., Carlos, S., Makonda, B., Holguín, Á., & Reina, G. (2021). HCV Diagnosis and Sequencing Using Dried Blood Spots from Patients in Kinshasa (DRC): A Tool to Achieve WHO 2030 Targets. Diagnostics, 11(3), 522. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11030522

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