Protective Effects of Chlorella vulgaris Supplemented Diet on Antibacterial Activity and Immune Responses in Rohu Fingerlings, Labeo rohita (Hamilton), Subjected to Aeromonas hydrophila Infection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Algal Collection and Preparation
2.2. Preparation of the Algal Extract
2.3. Fractionation of Extract with Column Chromatography
2.4. Microorganisms
2.5. Disc Diffusion Method
2.6. Fish and Experimental Setup
2.7. Blood Samples
2.8. Non-Specific Immune Assays
2.8.1. Bactericidal Activity
2.8.2. Superoxide Anion Production
2.8.3. Lysozyme Activity
2.9. Analysis of Serum Biochemical Parameters
2.10. Determination of Haematological Parameters
2.11. Growth Measurements
2.12. Challenge of Fish
2.13. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Screening of Antibacterial Activity
3.2. Immunological Indices
3.2.1. Superoxide Anion Production
3.2.2. Lysozyme Activity
3.2.3. Bactericidal Activity
3.3. Serum Biochemical Indices
3.4. Effect of Chlorella on Haematological Parameters
3.5. Growth and Feed Efficiency
3.6. Fish Survivability
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredients | Group C0 (Control) | Group C1 | Group C2 | Group C3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Groundnut oil cake | 400 g | 400 g | 400 g | 400 g |
Fish meal | 250 g | 250 g | 250 g | 250 g |
Rice bran | 200 g | 199.9 g | 199.5 g | 199 g |
Soyabean meal | 120 g | 120 g | 120 g | 120 g |
Vitamin and mineral mixture | 20 g | 20 g | 20 g | 20 g |
Starch | 10 g | 10 g | 10 g | 10 g |
Chlorella powder | - | 0.1 | 0.5 | 1.0 |
Fractions | A. hydrophila | P. putida | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sl. No. | Code No. | Disc Potency (mcg) | AH1 | AH2 | AH3 | AH4 | PP1 | PP2 |
Zone of Inhibition (in mm) | ||||||||
1 | CF2 | 100 | 8.0 ± 0 | 12.33 ± 0.58 | 15.0 ± 0 | 15.67 ± 0.58 | 13.0 ± 0 | 12.33 ± 0.58 |
2 | CF4 | 85 | 9.33 ± 0.58 | 9.67 ± 0.58 | 8.0 ± 0 | 11.0 ± 1.0 | 12.33 ± 0.58 | 12.67 ± 0.58 |
3 | CF5 | 100 | 13.67 ± 0.58 | 12.0 ± 1.0 | 9.33 ± 0.58 | 11.67 ± 0.58 | 13.33 ± 0.58 | 14.0 ± 1.73 |
4 | Clotrimazole (10 mcg) | - | 11 | 11 | - | - | 10 | - |
5 | Tetracycline (25 mcg) | - | 20 | 29 | - | - | 15 | - |
6 | Furazolodone (50 mcg) | - | 23 | 23 | - | - | 15 | - |
Parameters | Groups | Pre Challenge | Post Challenge | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
30 Days | 60 Days | 90 Days | 10 Days | ||
Total Protein (g dL−1) | C0 | 1.95 ± 0.05 b | 1.37 ± 0.17 b | 2.14 ± 0.20 c | 2.12 ± 0.52 b |
C1 | 2.61 ± 0.21 a | 1.43 ± 0.16 b | 2.63 ± 0.11 bc | 2.32 ± 0.38 b | |
C2 | 1.76 ± 0.15 b | 2.57 ± 0.21 a | 2.72 ± 0.06 b | 4.56 ± 0.24 a | |
C3 | 1.38 ± 0.37 b | 1.66 ± 0.33 b | 3.66 ± 0.17 a | 2.01 ± 0.81 b | |
Albumin (g dL−1) | C0 | 0.44 ± 0.01 a | 0.95 ± 0.02 a | 1.44 ± 0.10 a | 1.46 ± 0.13 a |
C1 | 0.31 ± 0.01 b | 0.87 ± 0.02 a | 1.33 ± 0.31 a | 1.45 ± 0.09 a | |
C2 | 0.41 ± 0.02 a | 0.98 ± 0.05 a | 1.27 ± 0.35 a | 1.35 ± 0.09 a | |
C3 | 0.26 ± 0.02 b | 0.60 ± 0.01 b | 1.54 ± 0.22 a | 0.97 ± 0.01 b | |
Globulin (g dL−1) | C0 | 1.55 ± 0.10 ab | 0.44 ± 0.03 b | 0.70 ± 0.01 b | 0.65 ± 0.12 b |
C1 | 2.30 ± 0.21 a | 0.55 ± 0.19 b | 1.30 ± 0.07 a | 0.87 ± 0.07 b | |
C2 | 1.28 ± 0.51 ab | 1.60 ± 0.22 a | 1.44 ± 0.02 a | 2.45 ± 0.20 a | |
C3 | 1.13 ± 0.28 b | 1.06 ± 0.30 ab | 1.52 ± 0.28 a | 1.03 ± 0.38 b | |
A: G Ratio | C0 | 0.27 ± 0.06 b | 2.09 ± 0.09 a | 2.66 ± 0.31 a | 2.14 ± 0.20 a |
C1 | 0.13 ± 0.02 b | 1.79 ± 0.32 a | 0.99 ± 0.28 b | 1.69 ± 0.19 a | |
C2 | 0.45 ± 0.08 b | 1.24 ± 0.39 ab | 0.88 ± 0.29 b | 0.60 ± 0.23 b | |
C3 | 0.23 ± 0.01 ab | 0.53 ± 0.04 b | 0.92 ± 0.24 b | 0.86 ± 0.11 b |
Group (Dose in g kg−1) | SGR | FCR | Survivability (%) |
---|---|---|---|
C0 (0) | 0.86 ± 0.016 b | 1.83 ± 0.027 a | 51.65 ± 1.65 c |
C1 (0.1) | 0.88 ± 0.014 b | 1.81 ± 0.024 a | 68.30 ± 5.00 b |
C2 (0.5) | 0.96 ± 0.016 a | 1.69 ± 0.029 b | 81.65 ± 1.65 a |
C3 (1.0) | 0.98 ± 0.016 a | 1.61 ± 0.026 b | 86.50 ± 3.35 a |
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Pradhan, J.; Sahu, S.; Das, B.K. Protective Effects of Chlorella vulgaris Supplemented Diet on Antibacterial Activity and Immune Responses in Rohu Fingerlings, Labeo rohita (Hamilton), Subjected to Aeromonas hydrophila Infection. Life 2023, 13, 1028. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13041028
Pradhan J, Sahu S, Das BK. Protective Effects of Chlorella vulgaris Supplemented Diet on Antibacterial Activity and Immune Responses in Rohu Fingerlings, Labeo rohita (Hamilton), Subjected to Aeromonas hydrophila Infection. Life. 2023; 13(4):1028. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13041028
Chicago/Turabian StylePradhan, Jyotirmayee, Swagatika Sahu, and Basanta Kumar Das. 2023. "Protective Effects of Chlorella vulgaris Supplemented Diet on Antibacterial Activity and Immune Responses in Rohu Fingerlings, Labeo rohita (Hamilton), Subjected to Aeromonas hydrophila Infection" Life 13, no. 4: 1028. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13041028