Prevalence of Serum Antibody Titers against Core Vaccine Antigens in Italian Cats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population and Study Protocol
2.2. Detection of Specific Antibodies via VacciCheck
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Cat Population
3.2. Antibody Titers and Protection of the Entire Cohort
3.3. Results According to the Different Variables
3.3.1. Origin
3.3.2. Sex and Reproductive Status
3.3.3. Age
3.3.4. Breed
3.3.5. FIV/FeLV Status
3.3.6. Health Status
3.3.7. Time Elapsed since Last Vaccination
4. Discussion
Reliability and Usefulness of Assessment of Antibody Titration for Cat Core Vaccines in Practice
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Protective Antibody Titers (PATs), % (n. of Cats) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Whole Population (740 Cats) | Vaccinated Cats (435 Cats) | Unvaccinated Cats (305 Cats) | |||||||
FPV | FeHV-1 | FCV | FPV | FeHV-1 | FCV | FPV | FeHV-1 | FCV | |
Total Positive | 68.1 (504/740) | 49.1 (363/740) | 78.6 (582/740) | 84.6 (368/435) | 57.9 (252/435) | 82.3 (358/435) | 44.6 (136/305) | 36.4 (111/305) | 73.4 (224/305) |
Origin | |||||||||
Owned cats | 75.0 (425/567) | 52.6 (297/567) | 77.4 (438/567) | 84.6 (368/435) | 57.9 (252/435) | 82.3 (358/435) | 43.2 (57/132) | 34.8 (46/132) | 61.4 (81/132) |
Shelter or colony cats | 45.7 (79/173) | 37.6 (66/173) | 82.7 (144/173) | 0 (0/0) | 0 (0/0) | 0 (0/0) | 45.7 (79/173) | 37.6 (65/173) | 82.7 (143/173) |
Sex and reproductive status | |||||||||
Intact females | 55.5 (81/146) | 37.0 (54/146) | 78.8 (115/146) | 84.8 (39/46) | 47.8 (22/46) | 73.9 (34/46) | 42.0 (42/100) | 32.0 (32/100) | 81.0 (81/100) |
Neutered females | 81.1 (167/206) | 57.3 (118/206) | 80.1 (165/206) | 89.4 (135/151) | 60.9 (92/151) | 84.1 (127/151) | 58.2 (32/55 | 47.3 (26/55) | 69.1 (38/55) |
Intact males | 49.6 (66/133) | 36.8 (49/133) | 72.2 (96/133) | 80.4 (37/46) | 60.9 (28/46) | 82.6 (38/46) | 33.3 (29/87) | 24.1 (21/87) | 62.1 (54/87) |
Neutered males | 74.5 (190/255) | 55.7 (142/255) | 80.8 (206/255) | 81.8 (35/192) | 57.3 (110/192) | 82.8 (159/192) | 52.4 (33/63) | 50.8 (32/63) | 74.6 (47/63) |
Age | |||||||||
Kittens (4 months–<1 year) | 55.0 (60/109) | 33.9 (37/109) | 58.7 (64/109) | 78.6 (44/56) | 44.6 (25/56) | 73.2 (41/56) | 30.2 (16/53) | 22.6 (12/53) | 43.4 (23/53) |
Young adults (≥1–<7 years) | 64.8 (228/352) | 44.0 (155/352) | 81.0 (285/352) | 88.4 (152/172) | 54.7 (94/172) | 82.6 (142/172) | 42.2 (76/180) | 33.9 (61/180) | 79.4 (143/180) |
Mature adults (≥7–<10 years) | 80.4 (90/112) | 69.6 (78/112) | 88.4 (99/112) | 87.0 (67/77) | 74.0 (57/77) | 90.9 (70/77) | 65.7 (23/35) | 60.0 (21/35) | 82.9 (29/35) |
Seniors (≥10 years) | 75.4 (126/167) | 55.7 (93/167) | 80.2 (134/167) | 80.8 (105/130) | 58.5 (76/130) | 80.8 (105/130) | 56.8 (21/37) | 45.9 (17/37) | 78.4 (29/37) |
Breed | |||||||||
Common European | 67.5 (434/643) | 48.8 (314/643) | 78.7 (506/643) | 85.5 (301/352) | 58.2 (205/352) | 82.7 (291/352) | 45.7 (133/291) | 37.5 (109/291) | 73.9 (215/291) |
Pure breed | 72.2 (70/97) | 50.5 (49/97) | 78.4 (76/97) | 80.7 (67/83) | 56.6 (47/83) | 80.7 (67/83) | 21.4 (3/14) | 14.3 (2/14) | 64.3 (9/14) |
FIV/FeLV status * | |||||||||
FIV–FeLV– | 76.1 (239/314) | 49.7 (156/314) | 77.7 (244/314) | 83.2 (198/238) | 53.8 (128/238) | 79.4 (189/238) | 53.9 (41/76) | 36.8 (28/76) | 72.4 (55/76) |
FIV-positive | 47.1 (8/17) | 47.1 (8/17) | 82.4 (14/17) | 71.4 (5/7) | 42.9 (3/7) | 85.7 (6/7) | 30.0 (3/10) | 50.0 (5/10) | 80.0 (8/10) |
FeLV-positive | 68.2 (15/22) | 31.8 (7/22) | 86.4 (19/22) | 70.6 (12/17) | 29.4 (5/17) | 88.2 (15/17) | 60.0 (3/5) | 40.0 (2/5) | 80.0 (4/5) |
FIV- and FeLV-positive | 61.5 (8/13) | 38.5 (5/13) | 92.3 (12/13) | 83.3 (5/6) | 33.3 (2/6) | 100.0 (6/6) | 42.9 (3/7) | 42.9 (3/7) | 85.7 (6/7) |
Health status | |||||||||
Healthy | 70.1 (386/551) | 49.9 (275/551) | 78.9 (435/551) | 87.5 (300/343) | 62.1 (213/343) | 83.1 (285/343) | 41.3 (86/208) | 29.8 (62/208) | 72.1 (150/208) |
Unhealthy | 62.4 (118/189) | 46.6 (88/189) | 77.8 (147/189) | 73.9 (68/92) | 42.4 (39/92) | 79.3 (73/92) | 51.5 (50/97) | 50.5 (49/97) | 76.3 (74/97) |
Time after vaccination ** | |||||||||
≤1 year | // | // | // | 83.5 (142/170) | 55.3 (94/170) | 81.2 (138/170) | // | // | // |
>1–≤3 years | // | // | // | 88.0 (132/150) | 62.6 (94/150) | 84.7 (127/150) | // | // | // |
>3 years | // | // | // | 81.7 (94/115) | 55.7 (64/115) | 81.0 (93/115) | // | // | // |
FPV | FeHV-1 | FCV | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Protected % (Number) | Protected % (Number) | Protected % (Number) | ||||||||
Statistical Variable (Number) | YES | NO | p-Value | YES | NO | p-Value | YES | NO | p-Value | |
Origin | Owned (567) | 75.0 (425) | 25.0 (142) | <0.0001 | 52.6 (297) | 47.4 (270) | 0.0007 | 77.4 (438) | 22.6 (129) | 0.1681 |
Shelter/colony (173) | 45.7 (79) | 54.3 (94) | 37.6 (66) | 62.4 (107) | 82.7 (144) | 17.3 (29) | ||||
Sex | Intact females (146) | 55.5 (81) | 44.5 (65) | <0.0001 | 37.0 (54) | 63.0 (92) | <0.0001 | 78.8 (115) | 21.2 (31) | 0.2397 |
Neutered females (206) | 81.1 (167) | 18.9 (39) | 57.3 (118) | 42.7 (88) | 80.1 (165) | 19.9 (41) | ||||
Intact males (133) | 49.6 (66) | 50.4 (67) | 36.8 (49) | 63.2 (84) | 72.2 (96) | 12.8 (37) | ||||
Neutered males (255) | 74.5 (190) | 25.5 (65) | 55.7 (142) | 44.3 (113) | 80.8 (206) | 19.3 (49) | ||||
Age | Kittens (109) | 55.0 (60) | 45.0 (49) | <0.0001 | 33.9 (37) | 66.1 (72) | <0.0001 | 58.7 (64) | 41.3 (45) | <0.0001 |
Young adults (352) | 64.8 (228) | 35.2 (124) | 44.0 (155) | 56.0 (197) | 81.0 (285) | 19.0 (67) | ||||
Mature adults (112) | 81.4 (91) | 18.9 (21) | 69.6 (78) | 30.6 (34) | 88.4 (99) | 11.7 (13) | ||||
Seniors (167) | 75.4 (126) | 24.6 (41) | 55.7 (93) | 44.3 (74) | 80.2 (134) | 19.8 (33) | ||||
Breed | Common European (643) | 67.5 (434) | 32.5 (209) | 0.4138 | 48.8 (314) | 51.2 (329) | 0.8276 | 78.7 (506) | 21.3 (137) | 0.9999 |
Pure breed (97) | 72.2 (70) | 27.8 (27) | 50.5 (49) | 49.5 (48) | 78.4 (76) | 21.6 (21) | ||||
FIV/FeLV status | FIV–FeLV– (314) | 76.1 (239) | 23.9 (75) | 0.0364 | 49.7 (156) | 50.3 (158) | 0.2602 | 77.7 (244) | 22.3 (70) | 0.4691 |
FIV+ (17) | 47.1 (8) | 52.9 (9) | 47.1 (8) | 52.9 (9) | 82.4 (14) | 17.6 (3) | ||||
FeLV+ (22) | 68.2 (15) | 31.8 (7) | 31.8 (7) | 68.2 (15) | 86.4 (19) | 13.6 (3) | ||||
FIV+FeLV+ (13) | 61.5 (8) | 38.5 (5) | 38.5 (5) | 61.5 (8) | 92.3 (12) | 7.7 (1) | ||||
Health status | Healthy (551) | 70.1 (386) | 29.9 (165) | 0.0712 | 49.9 (275) | 50.1 (276) | 0.4507 | 78.9 (435) | 21.1 (116) | 0.6822 |
Unhealthy (189) | 62.4 (118) | 37.6 (71) | 46.6 (88) | 53.4 (101) | 77.8 (147) | 22.2 (42) | ||||
Time after vaccination | ≤1 year (170) | 83.5 (142) | 16.5 (28) | <0.0001 | 55.3 (94) | 44.7 (76) | <0.0001 | 81.2 (138) | 18.8 (32) | 0.0258 |
>1–≤3 years (150) | 88.0 (132) | 12.0 (18) | 62.6 (94) | 37.4 (56) | 84.7 (127) | 15.3 (23) | ||||
>3 years (115) | 81.7 (94) | 18.3 (21) | 55.7 (64) | 44.3 (51) | 81.0 (93) | 19.1 (22) | ||||
Unvaccinated (305) | 44.6 (136) | 55.4 (169) | 36.4 (111) | 63.6 (194) | 73.4 (224) | 26.6 (81) |
Seronegative Cats | Whole Population (740 Cats) % (n. of Cats) | Vaccinated Cats (435 Cats) % (n. of Cats) | Unvaccinated Cats (305 Cats) % (n. of Cats) |
---|---|---|---|
Only for FPV | 8.4 (62) | 3.2 (14) | 15.7 (48) |
Only for FeHV-1 | 13.2 (98) | 12.2 (53) | 14.8 (45) |
Only for FCV | 1.5 (12) | 1.6 (7) | 1.6 (5) |
For FPV and FeHV-1 | 8.8 (65) | 1.8 (8) | 18.7 (57) |
For FPV and FCV | 1.1 (8) | 0.2 (1) | 2.3 (7) |
For FeHV-1 and FCV | 4.1 (30) | 3.9 (17) | 4.3 (13) |
For FPV, FeHV-1 and FCV | 6.8 (50) | 2.8 (12) | 12.5 (38) |
Total | 43.9 (325) | 25.7 (112) | 69.8 (213) |
For FPV (alone or with one or both other viruses) | 25.0 (185) | 8.0 (35) | 49.2 (150) |
For FeHV-1 (alone or with one or both other viruses) | 32.8 (243) | 20.7 (90) | 50.2 (153) |
For FCV (alone or with one or both other viruses) | 13.5 (100) | 8.5 (37) | 20.7 (63) |
% of Protection | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Authors (year) | Reference | Country | No. of Cats | FPV | FeHV-1 | FCV |
Coman et al. (1981) | [47] | Australia | * 300 | 79.0 | 11.0 | 77.0 |
Yagami et al. (1985) | [48] | Japan | ** 507 | // | 20.1 | 81.3 |
Yamaguchi et al. (1996) | [49] | UK | * 45 | 96.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Miyazawa et al. (1999) | [50] | Vietnam | * 69 | 53.6 | 1.4 | 39.1 |
Nakamura et al. (1999) | [51] | Vietnam | * 50 | 44.0 | 44.0 | 74.0 |
Lappin et al. (2002) | [52] | USA | 276 | 68.5 | 70.7 | 92.4 |
Ostrowski et al. (2003) | [53] | Saudi Arabia | * 13 | 8.0 | 15.0 | 39.0 |
Mouzin et al. (2004) | [35] | USA | 272 | 96.7 | 88.2 | 97.8 |
Fischer et al. (2007) | [54] | Florida (USA) | * 61 | 33.0 | 21.0 | 64.0 |
Levy et al. (2008) | [55] | Galapagos | 52 | 67.0 | 10.0 | 44.0 |
Blanco et al. (2009) | [56] | Costa Rica | 96 | 92.8 | 71.9 | // |
Hellard et al. (2011) | [57] | France | 273 | 36.6 | 54.2 | 77.6 |
* 219 | 15.9 | 67.8 | 86.6 | |||
DiGangi et al. (2011) | [58] | Florida (USA) | * 356 | 41.0 | 10.0 | 36.0 |
DiGangi et al. (2012) | [59] | Florida (USA) | * 347 | 39.8 | 11.0 | 36.6 |
Mende et al. (2014) | [60] | Germany | 347 | 63.0 | // | // |
Mende et al. (2014) | [61] | Germany | 350 | 70.6 | // | // |
Bergmann et al. (2018) | [62] | Germany | 112 | 64.3 | // | // |
Bergmann et al. (2019) | [63] | Germany | 111 | // | // | ° 62.2 |
°° 77.2 | ||||||
Dall’Ara et al. (2019) | [64] | Italy | * 151 | 45.6 | 37.0 | 85.4 |
Bergmann et al. (2020) | [65] | Germany | 110 | // | 40.9 | // |
Our study (2023) | // | Italy | 567 | 75.0 | 52.6 | 77.4 |
* 173 | 45.7 | 37.6 | 82.7 |
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Dall’Ara, P.; Lauzi, S.; Turin, L.; Servida, F.; Barbieri, L.; Zambarbieri, J.; Mazzotti, G.; Granatiero, F.; Scarparo, E.; Mirabile, A.; et al. Prevalence of Serum Antibody Titers against Core Vaccine Antigens in Italian Cats. Life 2023, 13, 2249. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13122249
Dall’Ara P, Lauzi S, Turin L, Servida F, Barbieri L, Zambarbieri J, Mazzotti G, Granatiero F, Scarparo E, Mirabile A, et al. Prevalence of Serum Antibody Titers against Core Vaccine Antigens in Italian Cats. Life. 2023; 13(12):2249. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13122249
Chicago/Turabian StyleDall’Ara, Paola, Stefania Lauzi, Lauretta Turin, Francesco Servida, Laura Barbieri, Jari Zambarbieri, Giulia Mazzotti, Federico Granatiero, Elena Scarparo, Aurora Mirabile, and et al. 2023. "Prevalence of Serum Antibody Titers against Core Vaccine Antigens in Italian Cats" Life 13, no. 12: 2249. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13122249