Endovascular Treatment of Large Vessel Occlusion Strokes Caused by Infective Endocarditis: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Case Presentation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Case Presentation
3.2. Details of the Included Studies
3.3. Results of the Meta-Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author | Country | Design | Age, Mean (SD) or Median (IQR) | Sex (Female) | Follow-Up | N. | Pathology | Risk Factors (N.) | Occluded Vessel Side (Left) | Vessel (N.) | IVT (N.) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Feil, 2020 [15] | Germany | Cohort/ case-control | 69 (13.3) | 24 | 24 h | 55 | HTN: 37, DM: 10, hypercholesterolemia: 16, smoker (current/former): 14, and AF: 18 | 30 | BA: 8, MCA M1: 32, MCA M2: 9, and other, including ACA, carotis-T, ICA intracranial, ICA extracranial, and VA: 11 | 8 | |
Three months | |||||||||||
Marnat, 2020 [16] | France | Case-control | 59.2 (17.6) | 8 | 24 h | 28 | Enterococcus faecalis (6/28), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1/28), Staphylococcus aureus (1/28), Staphylococcus capitis (1/28), Streptococcus viridans (1/28), Streptococcus gordonii (1/28), unidentified streptococcus (1/28), Candida parapsilosis (1/28), trichosporon (1/28), unidentified Gram-negative bacillus (1/28), unidentified Gram-positive bacillus (1/28), and unidentified germs (12/28). Bacteriological–histological analysis of the thrombus allowed IE diagnosis in five cases | HTN: 9/27, DM: 3/27, hypercholesterolemia: 9/27, current smoker: 8/25, antithrombotic use: 17/27, coronary artery disease: 6/27, and previous stroke/TIA: 3/27 | MCA M1: 16/28, MCA M2: 3/28, tandem: 1/28, intracranial ICA: 5/28, VB: 2/28, and extracranial ICA/others: 1/28 | 8 | |
Three months | |||||||||||
Marquardt, 2019 [17] | USA | Case series | 57.5 (11.6) | 0 | 24 h | 4 | Bartonella quintaina, Streptococcus anginosus, Staphylococcus aureus, and unknown | Left: 2 | MCA M1: 4 | 1 | |
Ramos, 2020 [13] | Spain | Case series | 64.33 (14.25) | 6 | 24 h | 12 | Streptococcus viridans: 1, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis: 1, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: 3, Enterococcus faecalis: 3, Staphylococcus epidermidis: 1, Klebsiella pneumoniae: 1, and negative: 2 | AF: 6, anticoagulant: 7, and surgery: 6 | MCA M1: 9, MCA M2: 2, and intracranial ICA: 1 | 2 | |
Three months | |||||||||||
Sader, 2021 [18] | USA | Case series | 59 (range 29–80) | 5 | Unknown | 15 | Staphylococcus aureus: 2, Staphylococcus epidermidis: 1, Enterococcus faecalis: 4, Alpha Strep: 1, Streptococcus parasanguinis: 1, Streptococcus mitis: 1, Aspergillus fumigatus: 1, Candida tropicalis: 1, Streptococcus agalactiae: 1, Streptococcus salivarius, Staphylococcus hominis, coag-negative Staphylococcus: 1, and unknown: 1 | Left: 11, and right: 5 | MCA M1: 12, MCA M2: 1, carotid terminus: 2, and cavernous: 1 | 6 | |
Ambrosioni, 2018 [19] | Spain | Case series | 75.5 years (interquartile range 59–79 years) | 3 | 24 h | 6 | Staphylococcus aureus: 1, Streptococcus oralis: 1, Streptococcus dysgalactie: 1, Staphylococcus epidermidis: 1, and negative culture: 2 | Sub-occlusion tandem (carotid plus M1): 1, MCA M1: 3, BA: 2 | |||
Seven days | |||||||||||
Three months |
Author | Follow-Up | Baseline NIHSS, Mean (SD) | Treatment Approach for Intracranial LVO | Periprocedural Complications | Reperfusion (TICI) | NIHSS in F/U Mean (SD) | ICH in F/U (N.) | Complications during Hospital Stay (N.) | Mortality or mRS = 6 (N.) | Recurrent Stroke (N.) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Feil, 2020 [15] | 24 h | 15 (8.14) | Aspiration catheter solo: 11, stent retriever solo: 10, combination: 31, and additive medication during MT: 13 | Device malfunction: 2, dissection and perforation: 2, clot migration and embolization: 1, ICH: 3, vasospasm: 2, and other: 4 | mTICI 2b/3: 41 | 16 (17.65) | 14 | Malignant MCA infarction: 7, recurrent stroke: 7, ICH: 17, groin hematoma: 2, groin aneurysm: 2, and other complications: 27 | 7 | |
Three months | 33 | |||||||||
Marnat, 2020 [16] | 24 h | 16.5 (6.66) | Aspiration: 11/25, stent retriever: 6/25, combination: 4/25, and balloon + SR: 4/25 | 2 | mTICI 3: 12/28, mTICI 2c/3: 20/28, and mTICI 2b/3: 24/28 | −3 (6.66) * | Any ICH: 10, parenchymal hematoma: 2, and sICH: 2 | 7/28 | ||
Three months | 7/27 | |||||||||
Marquardt, 2019 [17] | 24 h | 17.25 (3.89) | MT solitaire and penumbra: 2, MT solitaire and wingspan stent: 1, and MT penumbra with 2 mg tPA: 1 | TICI 2A: 2, TICI 2B: 1, andTICI 3: 1 | 14 (3.31) | 2 | ICH: 2 | |||
Ramos, 2020 [13] | 24 h | 13.08 (6.94) | 2 | TICI 0: 3, TICI 1: 2, TICI 2A: 1, TICI 2B: 1, andTICI 3: 5 | 10.75 (8.92) | 6 | 6 | 3 | ||
Three months | ||||||||||
Sader, 2021 [18] | Immediately after | 17.93 (5.37) | TICI 0: 1, TICI 2a: 1, TICI 2c: 1, TICI 2b: 4, and TICI 3: 6 | 12.71 (8.59) | 7 | 2 | ||||
discharge | 9.2 (6.57) | |||||||||
Ambrosioni, 2018 [19] | 24 h | 14.33 (10.19) | Stent retriever plus carotid stent: 1, and stent retriever: 5 | mTICI 0: 1, mTICI 2B: 1, and mTICI 3: 3 | 12.66 (15.8) | 0 | ||||
Seven days | 2 | |||||||||
Three months | 3 |
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Mowla, A.; Abdollahifard, S.; Sizdahkhani, S.; Taherifard, E.; Kheshti, F.; Khatibi, K. Endovascular Treatment of Large Vessel Occlusion Strokes Caused by Infective Endocarditis: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Case Presentation. Life 2022, 12, 2146. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12122146
Mowla A, Abdollahifard S, Sizdahkhani S, Taherifard E, Kheshti F, Khatibi K. Endovascular Treatment of Large Vessel Occlusion Strokes Caused by Infective Endocarditis: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Case Presentation. Life. 2022; 12(12):2146. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12122146
Chicago/Turabian StyleMowla, Ashkan, Saeed Abdollahifard, Saman Sizdahkhani, Erfan Taherifard, Fatemeh Kheshti, and Kasra Khatibi. 2022. "Endovascular Treatment of Large Vessel Occlusion Strokes Caused by Infective Endocarditis: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Case Presentation" Life 12, no. 12: 2146. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12122146