Next Article in Journal
Cytoskeletal Tensegrity in Microgravity
Next Article in Special Issue
The Genus Chlorosplenium (Helotiales, Leotiomycetes) from China with Notes on C. chlora Complex
Previous Article in Journal
A Soft Voting Ensemble-Based Model for the Early Prediction of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) Disease Severity in Lungs Disease Patients
Previous Article in Special Issue
Foliar Fungal Endophytes in a Tree Diversity Experiment Are Driven by the Identity but Not the Diversity of Tree Species
 
 
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Cryptic Diversity of Isaria-like Species in Guizhou, China

1
Center for Mycomedicine Research, Basic Medical School, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
2
College of Ecological Engineering, Guizhou University of Engineering Science, Bijie 551700, China
3
Institute of Fungus Resources, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Life 2021, 11(10), 1093; https://doi.org/10.3390/life11101093
Submission received: 9 September 2021 / Revised: 12 October 2021 / Accepted: 14 October 2021 / Published: 15 October 2021

Abstract

:
Many Isaria-like species have recently been moved into more appropriate genera. However, more robust molecular phylogenetic analyses are still required for Isaria-like fungi to ensure accurate taxonomic identification. We analyzed these Isaria-like strains using multi-gene phylogenetics. Cryptic diversity was discovered in several Isaria farinosa strains, and two new species, Samsoniella pseudogunnii and S. pupicola, are proposed. Our results reveal that more attention needs to be paid to cryptic intraspecific diversity across different isolates and genotypes of the Isaria-like species, some of which will need to be transferred to Samsoniella. Interestingly, S. hepiali, with a very broad host distribution, has been widely used as a medicinal and edible cordycipitoid fungus.

1. Introduction

The genus Isaria was originally establish based on the species Isaria terrestris Fr. [1]. Brown and Smith [2] transferred some species described in Isaria Pers. and Spicaria Harting into Paecilomyces, which possess a conidiogenous structure similar to that of Paecilomyces variotii Bainier. de Hoog [3] redescribed the genus Isaria and chose Isaria felina (DC.) Fr. as the lectotype. Typical characteristics include denticulate conidiogenous cells without elongation that arise in clusters from subtending cells or are solitarily from undifferentiated hyphae; mostly present synnemata; and globose, ellipsoidal, or subcylindrical conidia, mostly with a rounded base [3]. Samson [4] divided the genus Paecilomyces into two sections and all entomogenous species were placed in the section Isarioidea. Hodge et al. [5] reintroduced the genus Isaria with the type species Isaria farinosa (Holmsk.) Fr. and most entomopathogenic mesophilic Paecilomyces species were transferred to Isaria (Hypocreales, Clavicipitaceae) [6,7,8].
Kepler et al. [9] proposed the rejection of Isaria in favor of Cordyceps and transferred Isaria species into Cordyceps. Mongkolsamrit et al. [10] introduced some Isaria-like species and the new genus Samsoniella Mongkols., Noisrip., Thanakitp., Spatafora, and Luangsa-ard. Chen et al. [11,12] reported four Isaria-like species: Akanthomyces araneogenus Z.Q. Liang, W.H. Chen, and Y.F. Han; Samsoniella coleopterorum W.H. Chen, Y.F. Han, and Z.Q. Liang; Samsoniella hymenopterorum W.H. Chen, Y.F. Han, and Z.Q. Liang; and Samsoniella lepidopterorum W.H. Chen, Y.F. Han, and Z.Q. Liang. Currently, many species previously placed in the genus Isaria have been transferred to more appropriate genera. However, robust molecular phylogenetic analyses are still needed for Isaria-like fungi to ensure accurate taxonomic identification with comparable results across different isolates and genotypes [10].
We previously collected many Isaria-like morphs of invertebrate-pathogenic fungi from Guizhou Province, China. Some demonstrated close phylogenetic relationships with Isaria farinosa (Holmsk.) Fr. based on the analysis of associated ITS sequences. In the present study, we applied multi-gene (ITS, LSU, RPB1, RPB2, TEF) phylogenetic analysis to reevaluate the taxonomic position of these strains, as well as the cryptic diversity among the different isolates of I. farinosa, and to describe new taxa to accommodate the cryptic diversity of Isaria-like fungi.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Fungal Materials and Identification

The strains used in this study were isolated from infected insect and spider specimens collected in different areas of Guizhou Province, China, including Dali Forest in Rongjiang County, Yaorenshan National Forest Park in Sandu County, Mount Fanjing in Yinjiang County, Tongmuling in Guiyang City, and Doupengshan in Duyun City. Isolation of strains was conducted as described by Chen et al. [13]. Fungal colonies emerging from specimens were isolated and cultured at 25 °C for 14 days under 12 h light/12 h dark conditions following protocols described by Zou et al. [14]. Accordingly, the living isolates were obtained. The specimens and the isolated strains were deposited in the Institute of Fungus Resources, Guizhou University (formally Herbarium of Guizhou Agricultural College; code, GZAC), Guiyang City, Guizhou, China.
Macroscopic and microscopic morphological characteristics of the fungal isolates were examined, especially for the arrangement, shape, and measurement of phialides and conidia, and also the growth rates of cultures incubated at 25 °C for 14 days were determined in Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) (Potato powder 6%, Agar 20%, Glucose 20%, Beijing Solarbio Technology Co., Ltd., China). Hyphae and conidiogenous structures were mounted in lactophenol cotton blue or 20% lactate solution and observed with an optical microscope (OM, DM4 B, Leica, Germany).

2.2. DNA Extraction, Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification and Nucleotide Sequencing

DNA extraction was carried out with a fungal genomic DNA extraction kit (DP2033, BioTeke Corporation) in accordance with Liang et al. [15]. The extracted DNA was stored at −20 °C. The amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, the large subunit ribosomal RNA (LSU) gene, the RNA polymerase II largest subunit 1 (RPB1), the RNA polymerase II largest subunit 2 (RPB2), and the translation elongation factor 1 alpha (TEF) by PCR was described by White et al. [16], Rakotonirainy et al. [17], Castlebury et al. [18], and van den Brink et al. [19], respectively. PCR reactions for five loci of all strains were performed in a total volume of 25 μL containing 12.5 μL 2× PowerTaq PCR Master Mix (Tiangen Biotech (Beijing) Co., LTD, China), 1 μL of each primer (10 μM), 1 μL of genomic DNA (20–100 ng), and 9.5 μL of sterile water. Primer sequence information is shown in Table 1. PCR products were purified and sequenced at Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co. The resulting sequences were submitted to GenBank (the accession number is shown in Table 2).

2.3. Sequence Alignment and Phylogenetic Analyses

Lasergene software (version 6.0, DNASTAR) was applied for the assembling and editing of DNA sequence in this study. The ITS, LSU, RPB1, RPB2, and TEF sequences were downloaded from GenBank, based on Kepler et al. [9], Mongkolsamrit et al. [10,19], Chen et al. [12], Wang et al. [20], and others selected on the basis of BLAST algorithm-based searches in GenBank (Table 2). A single gene data set was aligned and edited by MAFFT v7.037b [21] and MEGA6 [22]. Combined sequences of ITS, LSU, RPB1, RPB2, and TEF were performed by SequenceMatrix v.1.7.8 [23]. The combined datasets (ITS+LSU+RPB2+TEF) and (ITS+LSU+RPB1+RPB2+TEF) were used to determine the family placement of those strains in Hypocreales and the taxonomic position of strains and the cryptic diversity among the different isolates of I. farinosa in Cordycipitaceae
The combined genes were both analyzed using the Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods. For BI, the model was selected for Bayesian analysis by ModelFinder [24] in the software PhyloSuite [25]. A Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm was used to generate phylogenetic trees with Bayesian probabilities using MrBayes v.3.2 [26] for the combined sequence datasets. The Bayesian analysis resulted in 20,001 trees after 10,000,000 generations. The first 4000 trees, representing the burn-in phase of the analyses, were discarded, while the remaining 16,001 trees were used for calculating posterior probabilities in the majority rule consensus tree. After the analysis was finished, each run was examined using the program Tracer v1.5 [27] to determine burn-in, confirming that both runs had converged. ML analyses were constructed with RAxMLGUI [28]. The GTRGAMMA model was used for all partitions, in accordance with recommendations in the RAxML manual against the use of invariant sites.

3. Results

3.1. Phylogenetic Analyses

Gelasinospora tetrasperma Dowding, Neurospora crassa Shear and B.O. Dodge, and Sordaria fimicola (Roberge ex Desm.) Ces. and De Not. were used as the outgroup in analysis 1 (Figure 1) (to determine the family placement of those strains in Hypocreales). Purpureocillium lilacinum (Thom) Luangsa-ard, Houbraken, Hywel-Jones, and Samson was used as the outgroup in analysis 2 (Figure 2) (to determine the taxonomic position of strains and the cryptic diversity among the different isolates of I. farinosa in Cordycipitaceae). The concatenated sequences of analysis 1 and 2 included 77 and 62 taxa, respectively, and consisted of 2396 (ITS, 620; LSU, 712; RPB2, 510; and TEF, 554) and 3309 (ITS, 554; LSU, 677; RPB1, 533; RPB2, 671; and TEF, 874) characters with gaps, respectively.
Analysis 1: The selected models for BI analysis were GTR+F+I+G4 parameters for partition ITS and LSU+RPB2, and GTR+F+G4 parameters for partition TEF. The final value of the highest scoring tree was –37,321.078127, which was obtained from an ML analysis of the dataset (ITS+LSU+RPB2+TEF). The parameters of the general time reversible (GTR) model used to analyze the dataset were estimated using the following frequencies: A = 0.230263, C = 0.272892, G = 0.280445, and T = 0.216401; substitution rates AC = 1.451341, AG = 2.441940, AT = 1.532513, CG = 1.182477, CT = 5.701598, and GT = 1.000000; as well as the gamma distribution shape parameter α = 0.381402. In the phylogenetic tree (Figure 1), both analyses of ML and BI trees were largely congruent, and strongly supported in most branches. DY10951, DY10952, DY101681, DY101682, GY407201, GY407202, YJ06171, and YJ06172 strains had a close relationship with Cordyceps Fr., Akanthomyces Lebert, and Simplicillium W. Gams and Zare, and clustered into Cordycipitaceae.
Analysis 2: The selected models for BI analysis were GTR+F+I+G4 parameters for partition ITS+LSU+RPB2+TEF and GTR+F+G4 parameters for partition RPB1. The final value of the highest scoring tree was –31,206.916701, which was obtained from an ML analysis of the dataset (ITS+LSU+RPB1+RPB2+TEF). The parameters of the general time reversible (GTR) model used to analyze the dataset were estimated using the following frequencies: A = 0.238319, C = 0.279080, G = 0.271674, and T = 0.210926; substitution rates AC = 1.120096, AG = 2.745044, AT = 0.784066, CG = 0.934312, CT = 6.322628, and GT = 1.000000; as well as the gamma distribution shape parameter α = 0.308970. In the phylogenetic tree (Figure 2), both analyses of ML and BI trees were largely congruent, and strongly supported in most branches. The new strains were all clustered within the genus Samsoniella. GY407201 and GY407202 strains clustered with Samsoniella coleopterorum W.H. Chen, Y.F. Han, and Z.Q. Liang in a subclade. DY10951 and DY10952 strains clustered with Samsoniella aurantia Mongkols., Noisrip., Thanakitp., Spatafora, and Luangsa-ard in a subclade. DY101681 and DY101682 strains had a close relationship with Samsoniella alboaurantia (G. Sm.) Mongkols., Noisrip., Thanakitp., Spatafora, and Luangsa-ard; Samsoniella alpina H. Yu, Y.B. Wang, Y. Wang, and Zhu L. Yang; and Samsoniella cardinalis H. Yu, Y.B. Wang, Y. Wang, Q. Fan, and Zhu L. Yang. YJ06171 and YJ06172 strains clustered with Isaria farinosa (Holmsk.) Fr. in a subclade and had close relationship with Samsoniella hepiali (Q.T. Chen and R.Q. Dai ex R.Q. Dai, X.M. Li, A.J. Shao, Shu F. Lin, J.L. Lan, Wei H. Chen, and C.Y. Shen) H. Yu, R.Q. Dai, Y.B. Wang, Y. Wang, and Zhu L. Yang.

3.2. Taxonomy

3.2.1. Samsoniella pseudogunnii W.H. Chen, Y.F. Han, J.D. Liang, and Z.Q. Liang, sp. nov.

MycoBank No.: MB840999
Etymology: referring to similar morphology with Keithomyces neogunnii.
Holotype: CHINA, Guizhou, Guiyang, Tongmuling (N26°23’, E106°40’). On a larva (Lepidoptera), 1 April 2019, Wanhao Chen, GZAC GY40720 (holotype), ex-type living cultures, GY407201, GY407202.
Description: Colonies on PDA, 4.1–4.3 cm diam. after 14 d at 25°C, white, consisting of a basal felt and cottony, floccose hyphal overgrowth, reverse yellowish. Prostrate hyphae smooth, septate, hyaline, 1.0–1.3 μm diam. Erect conidiophores usually arises from aerial hyphae. Phialides are solitary or in whorls of two to nine. Phialides 6.8–11.0 × 2.2–2.4 μm, with a cylindrical basal portion, tapering into a short distinct neck. Conidia in chains, hyaline, fusiform, one-celled, 2.8–3.2 × 1.7–2.1 μm. Chlamydospores and sexual state were not observed. Sizes and shapes of phialides and conidia are similar in culture and on natural substratum.
Known distribution: Tongmuling, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China.
Notes: Samsoniella pseudogunnii was identified as belonging to Samsoniella based on the phylogenetic analyses (Figure 2) and has a close relationship with S. coleopterorum. However, Samsoniella pseudogunnii (Figure 3) has longer phialide, larger conidia, and its larva host belongs to the order Lepidoptera.

3.2.2. Samsoniella Pupicola W.H. Chen, Y.F. Han, J.D. Liang, and Z.Q. Liang, sp. nov.

MycoBank No.: MB841003
Etymology: referring to its pupa-inhabitor.
Holotype: CHINA, Guizhou, Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Duyun City (26°21′24.71″ N, 107°22′48.22″ E). On a pupa (Lepidoptera), 1 October 2019, Wanhao Chen, GZAC DY10168 (holotype), ex-type living cultures, DY101681, DY101682.
Description: Colonies on PDA, 2.3–2.4 cm diam. after 14 d at 25°C, white, consisting of a basal felt and cottony, floccose hyphal overgrowth, reverse yellowish. Prostrate hyphae smooth, septate, hyaline, 1.2–2.2 μm diam. Erect conidiophores usually arise from aerial hyphae. Phialides are solitary or in whorls of two to nine. Phialides 7.0–9.2 × 2.5–3.3 μm, with a cylindrical basal portion, tapering into a short distinct neck. Conidia in chains, hyaline, fusiform, one-celled, 2.5–3.3 × 2.2–2.6 μm. Chlamydospores and sexual state were not observed. Sizes and shapes of phialides and conidia are similar in culture and on natural substratum.
Known distribution: Duyun City, Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou Province, China.
Additional specimens examined: CHINA, Guizhou, Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture, Rongjiang County (26°01′58.70″ N, 108°24′48.06″ E), on a lepidopteran pupa, 1 October 2018, W.H. Chen, GZAC DL1014.
Notes: Samsoniella pupicola was identified as belonging to Samsoniella, based on the phylogenetic analyses (Figure 2) and has a close relationship with S. alboaurantium, S. alpina, and S. cardinalis. However, S. pupicola (Figure 4) is distinguished from S. alboaurantium by having larger fusiform conidia, distinguished from S. alpina by having white colony and fusiform conidia, and distinguished from S. cardinalis by having shorter phialides.

3.2.3. Samsoniella aurantia Mongkols., Noisrip., Thanakitp., Spatafora, and Luangsa-ard, Mycologia 110(1): 249

Description: Colonies on PDA, 3.7–4.2 cm diam. after 14 d at 25°C, white, consisting of a basal felt and cottony, floccose hyphal overgrowth, pale green and pale pink in the middle of the colony, reverse yellowish and pale brown in the middle. Prostrate hyphae smooth, septate, hyaline, 1.3–2.6 μm diam. Erect conidiophores usually arise from aerial hyphae. Phialides are solitary or in whorls of two to ten. Phialides 3.6–7.7 × 1.3–1.6 μm, with a cylindrical basal portion, tapering into a short distinct neck. Conidia in chains, hyaline, fusiform, occasionally cylindrical, one-celled, 2.6–3.9 × 1.7–2.2 μm. Chlamydospores and sexual state were not observed. Sizes and shapes of phialides and conidia are similar in culture and on natural substratum.
Specimens examined: CHINA, Guizhou, Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Duyun City (26°21′24.71″ N, 107°22′48.22″ E). On a pupa (Lepidoptera), 1 October 2019, Wanhao Chen, GZAC DY1095, living cultures, DY10951, DY10952.
Note: DY10951 and DY10952 strains were identified as belonging to Samsoniella, based on the phylogenetic analyses (Figure 2), and clustered with Samsoniella aurantia in a clade. The characteristics of DY10951 and DY10952 (Figure 5) strains are similar to that of S. aurantia, which had fusiform conidia (2–4 × 1–2 μm) and larger phialide (5–13 × 2–3 μm). Besides, the pairwise dissimilarities of ITS sequences show no difference within 554 bp between DY10951 and S. aurantia. Thus, molecular phylogenetic results and morphologically based conclusions support the idea that DY10951 and DY10952 strains were S. aurantia.

3.2.4. Samsoniella hepiali (Q.T. Chen, and R.Q. Dai ex R.Q. Dai, X.M. Li, A.J. Shao, Shu F. Lin, J.L. Lan, Wei H. Chen, and C.Y. Shen) H. Yu, R.Q. Dai, Y.B. Wang, Y. Wang, and Zhu L. Yang, Fungal Diversity 103: 31

Description: Colonies on PDA, 5.8–5.9 cm diam. after 14 d at 25°C, white, consisting of a basal felt and cottony, floccose hyphal overgrowth, reverse yellowish. Prostrate hyphae smooth, septate, hyaline, 1.1–1.8 μm diam. Erect conidiophores usually arise from aerial hyphae. Phialides are solitary or in whorls of two to eight. Phialides 6.0–7.8 × 1.5–1.8 μm, with a cylindrical basal portion, tapering into a short distinct neck. Conidia in chains, hyaline, fusiform, one-celled, 2.1–2.5 × 0.9–1.6 μm. Chlamydospores and sexual state were not observed. Sizes and shapes of phialides and conidia are similar in culture and on natural substratum.
Specimens examined: CHINA, Guizhou, Tongren City, Yinjiang (N 27°55′17.1″, E 108°41′25.2″), on an ant, 1 October 2019, Wanhao Chen, GZAC YJ0617, DY1044, living cultures, YJ06171, YJ06172.
Note: YJ06171 and YJ06172 strains were identified as belonging to Samsoniella, based on the phylogenetic analyses (Figure 2), and clustered with Samsoniella hepiali in a clade. The characteristics of YJ06171 and YJ06172 (Figure 6) strains were very closely linked with S. hepiali, which had fusiform or oval conidia (1.8–3.3 × 1.4–2.2 μm) and larger phialide (3.5–13.6 × 1.3–2.1 μm). Besides, the pairwise dissimilarities of LSU sequences show no difference within 677 bp between YJ06171 and S. hepiali. Thus, molecular phylogenetic results and morphologically based conclusions supported the idea that YJ06171 and YJ06172 strains were S. hepiali.

4. Discussion

The taxonomic delimitation of Isaria was originally based on morphological characteristics. However, Isaria shares many morphological characters with other genera in Hypocreales, which has resulted in a turbulent taxonomic history [10,29]. D’Alessandro et al. [30] noted that the morphological characteristics used to classify the genus Isaria frequently do not resolve new isolates into clearly defined species and need additional molecular markers in phylogenetic analyses. In the present study, Isaria-like strains collected from Guizhou Province, China, and previously identified by morphological characteristics, were reanalyzed using multi-gene (ITS, LSU, RPB1, RPB2, TEF) phylogenetic methodology. We proposed two new species of Samsoniella in this study.
The species Isaria farinosa is a well-known entomopathogenic fungi with worldwide distribution and a wide host range [31]. Kepler et al. [9] transferred Isaria farinosa to the genus Cordyceps as C. farinosa (Holmsk.) Kepler, B. Shrestha, and Spatafora based on a phylogenetic analysis of the CBS 111113 strain. We analyzed several strains of Isaria farinosa in the present study. Some properly belonged in the genus Samsoniella. CEP 004, CEP 005, CEP 029, YJ06171, and YJ06172 strains were identified as S. hepiali. Strains DY10951 and DY10952 were identified as S. aurantia. OSC 111005 and OSC 111006 strains were identified as new species but are absent in delineating morphological characteristics. Our results reveal cryptic diversity present in Isaria farinosa (now treated as Cordyceps farinosa) and illustrated that more attention should be paid on cryptic intraspecific diversity across different fungi isolates and genotypes.
The genus Samsoniella was established for the typical species S. inthanonensis Mongkolsamrit, Noisripoom, Thanakitpipattana, Spatafora, and Luangsa-ard, and two other species (S. alboaurantia (G. Sm.) Mongkols., Noisrip., Thanakitp., Spatafora, and Luangsa-ard and S. aurantia Mongkols., Noisrip., Thanakitp., Spatafora, and Luangsa-ard) [10]. Samsoniella species all have Isaria-like morphological characteristics, and cluster in an independent clade with close relationship to the genus Akanthomyces. The species S. alboaurantia was established based on two strains, CBS 240.32 and CBS 262.58, which previously belonged to Isaria farinosa (originally designated Paecilomyces farinosus (Holmsk.) A.H.S. Br. and G. Sm.) [10]. Lin et al. [32] revised the taxonomy of some Isaria-like strains originally identified as Isaria farinosa by morphological characteristics using multi-gene phylogenetic analysis. All the strains were identified as Samsoniella hepiali (Q.T. Chen and R.Q. Dai ex R.Q. Dai, X.M. Li, A.J. Shao, Shu F. Lin, J.L. Lan, Wei H. Chen, and C.Y. Shen) H. Yu, R.Q. Dai, Y.B. Wang, Y. Wang, and Zhu L. Yang. In the present study, YJ06171 and YJ06172 strains were also identified as Samsoniella hepiali. Our results revealed that more isolates and genotypes, originally designated as Isaria, will need to be transferred to Samsoniella.
Samsoniella hepiali (otherwise known as Paecilomyces hepiali) is isolated from a field collection of natural Ophiocordyceps sinensis insect–fungi complex [33], and is widely used as a medicinal and edible cordycipitoid fungus, creating a great economic value [20]. Lin et al. [32] reported six isolates of Samsoniella hepiali from Anhui Province, China, which were isolated from leafhopper, larva, and cicada. CEP 004, CEP 005, CEP 029 strains from Buenos Aires, Argentina, were isolated from whitefly and soil [30]. YJ06171 and YJ06172 strains from Guizhou Province, China were isolated from ant. It is interesting that Samsoniella hepiali and its hosts are widely distributed in China and Argentina. This result will help us to assess the extent and distribution of genetic diversity of Samsoniella hepiali on a large scale, understand its biology and demographic history, and guide biodiversity conservation programs.

Author Contributions

Resources, W.C., J.L. and X.R.; data curation, W.C.; writing—original draft preparation, W.C., J.L., X.R.; writing—review and editing, J.L., Y.H.; review and editing, J.Z., Z.L.; funding acquisition, W.C., J.L., X.R., J.Z., Y.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (31860002, 32060011), High-level Innovative Talents Training Object in Guizhou Province (Qiankehepingtairencai [2020]6005), Science and Technology Foundation of Guizhou Province (Qiankehejichu [2020]1Y060), Program of Innovative Scientific and technological Talent Team of Guizhou Province (2020-5010), Guizhou Science and Technology Support Project (Qiankehezhicheng [2019]2776), The Youth Science and Technology Talent Growth project from Guizhou Provincial Department of Education ([2018]389).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

We thank Steven M. Thompson for editing the English text of a draft of this manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Fries, E.M. Systema Mycologicum; Ex Officina Berlingiana: Lund & Greifswald, Sweden, 1821; Volume 1, pp. 1–726. [Google Scholar]
  2. Brown, A.H.; Smith, G. The genus Paecilomyces Bainier and its perfect stage Byssochlamys Westling. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 1957, 40, 17–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. De Hoog, G.S. The genera Beauveria, Isaria, Tritirachium and Acrodontium Gen. Nov; Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures: Utrecht, The Netherlands, 1972; pp. 1–41. [Google Scholar]
  4. Samson, R.A. Paecilomyces and some allied Hyphomycetes; Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures: Utrecht, The Netherlands, 1974; Volume 6, pp. 1–119. [Google Scholar]
  5. Hodge, K.T.; Gams, W.; Samson, R.A.; Korf, R.P.; Seifert, K.A. Lectotypification and status of Isaria Pers.: Fr. Taxon 2005, 54, 485–489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Luangsa-ard, J.J.; Hywel-Jones, N.L.; Samson, R.A. The order level polyphyletic nature of Paecilomyces sensu lato as revealed through 18S-generated rRNA phylogeny. Mycologia 2004, 96, 773–780. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Luangsa-Ard, J.J.; Hywel-Jones, N.L.; Manoch, L.; Samson, R.A. On the relationships of Paecilomyces sect. Isarioidea species. Mycol. Res. 2005, 109, 581–589. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  8. Gams, W.; Hodge, K.T.; Samson, R.A.; Korf, R.P.; Seifert, K.A. (1684) Proposal to conserve the name Isaria (anamorphic fungi) with a conserved type. Taxon 2005, 54, 537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Kepler, R.M.; Luangsa-ard, J.J.; Hywel-Jones, N.L.; Quandt, A.; Sung, G.-H.; Rehner, S.A.; Aime, M.C.; Henkel, T.W.; Sanjuan, T.; Zare, R.; et al. A phylogenetically-based nomenclature for Cordycipitaceae (Hypocreales). IMA Fungus 2017, 8, 335–353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Mongkolsamrit, S.; Noisripoom, W.; Thanakitpipattana, D.; Wutikhun, T.; Spatafora, J.W.; Luangsa-ard, J. Disentangling cryptic species with isaria-like morphs in Cordycipitaceae. Mycologia 2018, 110, 230–257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Chen, W.-H.; Liu, C.; Han, Y.-F.; Liang, J.-D.; Liang, Z.-Q. Akanthomyces araneogenum, a new Isaria-like araneogenous species. Phytotaxa 2018, 379, 66–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  12. Chen, W.H.; Han, Y.F.; Liang, J.D.; Tian, W.Y.; Liang, Z.Q. Morphological and phylogenetic characterizations reveal three new species of Samsoniella (Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales) from Guizhou, China. MycoKeys 2020, 74, 1–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Chen, W.-H.; Liu, C.; Han, Y.-F.; Liang, J.-D.; Tian, W.-Y.; Liang, Z.-Q. Three novel insect-associated species of Simplicillium (Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales) from Southwest China. MycoKeys 2019, 58, 83–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Zou, X.; Liu, A.; Liang, Z.; Han, Y.; Yang, M. Hirsutella liboensis, a new entomopathogenic species affecting Cossidae (Lepidoptera) in China. Mycotaxon 2010, 111, 39–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Liang, J.D.; Han, Y.F.; Zhang, J.W.; Du, W.; Liang, Z.Q.; Li, Z.Z. Optimal culture conditions for keratinase production by a novel thermophilic Myceliophthora thermophila strain GZUIFR-H49-1. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2011, 110, 871–880. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. White, T.; Bruns, T.; Lee, S.; Taylor, J. Amplification and Direct Sequencing of Fungal Ribosomal RNA Genes for Phylogenetics. In PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications; Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J., White, T.J., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, NY, USA, 1990; pp. 315–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Rakotonirainy, M.; Cariou, M.; Brygoo, Y.; Riba, G. Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Metarhizium based on 28S rRNA sequences and isozyme comparison. Mycol. Res. 1994, 98, 225–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Castlebury, L.A.; Rossman, A.Y.; Sung, G.-H.; Hyten, A.S.; Spatafora, J.W. Multigene phylogeny reveals new lineage for Stachybotrys chartarum, the indoor air fungus. Mycol. Res. 2004, 108, 864–872. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  19. Van den Brink, J.; Samson, R.A.; Hagen, F.; Boekhout, T.; de Vries, R.P. Phylogeny of the industrial relevant, thermophilic genera Myceliophthora and Corynascus. Fungal Divers. 2012, 52, 197–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  20. Wang, Y.-B.; Wang, Y.; Fan, Q.; Duan, D.-E.; Zhang, G.-D.; Dai, R.-Q.; Dai, Y.-D.; Zeng, W.-B.; Chen, Z.-H.; Li, D.-D.; et al. Multigene phylogeny of the family Cordycipitaceae (Hypocreales): New taxa and the new systematic position of the Chinese cordycipitoid fungus Paecilomyces hepiali. Fungal Divers. 2020, 103, 1–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Katoh, K.; Standley, D.M. MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: Improvements in performance and usability. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2013, 30, 772–780. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  22. Tamura, K.; Stecher, G.; Peterson, D.; Filipski, A.; Kumar, S. MEGA6: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2013, 30, 2725–2729. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  23. Vaidya, G.; Lohman, D.J.; Meier, R. SequenceMatrix: Concatenation software for the fast assembly of multi-gene datasets with character set and codon information. Cladistics 2011, 27, 171–180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Kalyaanamoorthy, S.; Minh, B.Q.; Wong, T.; Von Haeseler, A.; Jermiin, L.S. ModelFinder: Fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates. Nat. Methods 2017, 14, 587–589. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  25. Zhang, D.; Gao, F.; Jakovlić, I.; Zou, H.; Zhang, J.; Li, W.X.; Wang, G.T. PhyloSuite: An integrated and scalable desktop platform for streamlined molecular sequence data management and evolutionary phylogenetics studies. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 2020, 20, 348–355. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Ronquist, F.; Teslenko, M.; Van Der Mark, P.; Ayres, D.L.; Darling, A.; Hoehna, S.; Larget, B.; Liu, L.; Suchard, M.A.; Huelsenbeck, J.P. MrBayes 3.2: Efficient Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference and Model Choice Across a Large Model Space. Syst. Biol. 2012, 61, 539–542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  27. Drummond, A.J.; Rambaut, A. BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. BMC Evol. Biol. 2007, 7, 214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  28. Silvestro, D.; Michalak, I. raxmlGUI: A graphical front-end for RAxML. Org. Divers. Evol. 2012, 12, 335–337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Sung, G.-H.; Hywel-Jones, N.L.; Sung, J.-M.; Luangsa-ard, J.J.; Shrestha, B.; Spatafora, J.W. Phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps and the clavicipitaceous fungi. Stud. Mycol. 2007, 57, 5–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  30. D’Alessandro, C.P.; Jones, L.R.; Humber, R.A.; López Lastra, C.C.; Sosa-Gomez, D.R. Characterization and phylogeny of Isaria spp. strains (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) using ITS 1-5.8 S-ITS 2 and elongation factor 1-alpha sequences. J. Basic Microbiol. 2014, 54, S21–S31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Zimmermann, G. The entomopathogenic fungi Isaria farinosa (formerly Paecilomyces farinosus) and the Isaria fumosorosea species complex (formerly Paecilomyces fumosoroseus): Biology, ecology and use in biological control. Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 2008, 18, 865–901. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Lin, Y.; Liu, Y.J.; Wang, T.; Chen, M.J. Revision of taxonomic status of several Isaria-like strains. J. Microbiol. China 2021. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Dai, R.-Q.; Shen, C.-Y.; Li, X.-M.; Lan, J.-L.; Lin, S.-F.; Shao, A.-J. Response to neotypification of Paecilomyces hepiali (Hypocreales) (Wang & al., 2015). Taxon 2018, 67, 784–786. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Figure 1. Phylogenetic placement of the new Isaria-like strains in the order of Hypocreales based on multigene dataset (ITS, LSU, RPB2m and TEF). Statistical support values (≥50%/0.5) are shown at the nodes for ML bootstrap support/BI posterior probabilities.
Figure 1. Phylogenetic placement of the new Isaria-like strains in the order of Hypocreales based on multigene dataset (ITS, LSU, RPB2m and TEF). Statistical support values (≥50%/0.5) are shown at the nodes for ML bootstrap support/BI posterior probabilities.
Life 11 01093 g001
Figure 2. Phylogenetic placement of the new strains in Cordycipitaceae, based on multigene dataset (ITS, LSU, RPB1, RPB2, and TEF). Statistical support values (≥50%/0.5) are shown at the nodes for ML bootstrap support/BI posterior probabilities.
Figure 2. Phylogenetic placement of the new strains in Cordycipitaceae, based on multigene dataset (ITS, LSU, RPB1, RPB2, and TEF). Statistical support values (≥50%/0.5) are shown at the nodes for ML bootstrap support/BI posterior probabilities.
Life 11 01093 g002
Figure 3. Samsoniella pseudogunnii (A) infected larva (Lepidoptera) (B,C) culture plate, showing the front (B) and the reverse (C) of the colony, cultured on PDA medium (DI) phialides solitary, conidia adhering ellipsoidal slimy head and conidia (J) conidia. Scale bars: 10 mm (B,C), 10 μm (DJ).
Figure 3. Samsoniella pseudogunnii (A) infected larva (Lepidoptera) (B,C) culture plate, showing the front (B) and the reverse (C) of the colony, cultured on PDA medium (DI) phialides solitary, conidia adhering ellipsoidal slimy head and conidia (J) conidia. Scale bars: 10 mm (B,C), 10 μm (DJ).
Life 11 01093 g003
Figure 4. Samsoniella pupicola (A) infected pupa (Lepidoptera) (B,C) culture plate, showing the front (B) and the reverse (C) of the colony, cultured on PDA medium (DJ) phialides solitary, conidia adhering ellipsoidal slimy head and conidia (K) conidia. Scale bars: 10 mm (B,C), 10 μm (DK).
Figure 4. Samsoniella pupicola (A) infected pupa (Lepidoptera) (B,C) culture plate, showing the front (B) and the reverse (C) of the colony, cultured on PDA medium (DJ) phialides solitary, conidia adhering ellipsoidal slimy head and conidia (K) conidia. Scale bars: 10 mm (B,C), 10 μm (DK).
Life 11 01093 g004
Figure 5. Samsoniella aurantia (A) infected pupa (Lepidoptera) (B,C) culture plate, showing the front (B) and the reverse (C) of the colony, cultured on PDA medium (DJ) phialides solitary, conidia adhering ellipsoidal slimy head and conidia (K) conidia. Scale bars: 10 mm (B,C), 10 μm (DK).
Figure 5. Samsoniella aurantia (A) infected pupa (Lepidoptera) (B,C) culture plate, showing the front (B) and the reverse (C) of the colony, cultured on PDA medium (DJ) phialides solitary, conidia adhering ellipsoidal slimy head and conidia (K) conidia. Scale bars: 10 mm (B,C), 10 μm (DK).
Life 11 01093 g005
Figure 6. Samsoniella hepiali (A) infected ant (Formicidae) (B,C) culture plate, showing the front (B) and the reverse (C) of the colony, cultured on PDA medium (DJ) phialides solitary, conidia adhering ellipsoidal slimy head and conidia (N) conidia. Scale bars: 10 mm (B,C), 10 μm (DN).
Figure 6. Samsoniella hepiali (A) infected ant (Formicidae) (B,C) culture plate, showing the front (B) and the reverse (C) of the colony, cultured on PDA medium (DJ) phialides solitary, conidia adhering ellipsoidal slimy head and conidia (N) conidia. Scale bars: 10 mm (B,C), 10 μm (DN).
Life 11 01093 g006
Table 1. Primers information for 5-locus DNA sequences.
Table 1. Primers information for 5-locus DNA sequences.
NameLengthDirectionSequence 5′-3′Optimised PCR ProtocolsReferences
ITSITS522forwardGGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAGG(95 °C: 30 s, 51 °C: 50 s, 72 °C: 45 s) × 33 cycles[16]
ITS420reverseTCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC
LSULROR17forwardACCCGCTGAACTTAAGC(94 °C: 30 s, 51 °C: 1 min, 72 °C: 2 min) × 33 cycles[17]
LR517reverseTCCTGAGGGAAACTTCG
RPB1CRPB120forwardCAYCCWGGYTTYATCAAGAA(94 °C: 30 s, 55 °C: 30 s, 72 °C: 1 min) × 33 cycles[18]
RPB1Cr23reverseCCNGCDATNTCRTTRTCCATRTA
RPB2RPB2-5F320forwardGACGACCGTGATCACTTTGG(94 °C: 30 s, 54 °C: 40 s, 72 °C: 1 min 20 s) × 33 cycles[19]
RPB2-7Cr220reverseCCCATGGCCTGTTTGCCCAT
TEF983F23forwardGCYCCYGGHCAYCGTGAYTTYAT(94 °C: 30 s, 58 °C: 1 min 20 s, 72 °C: 1 min) × 33 cycles[19]
2218R23reverseATGACACCRACRGCRACRGTYTG
Table 2. List of strains and GenBank accession numbers of sequences used in this study.
Table 2. List of strains and GenBank accession numbers of sequences used in this study.
SpeciesStrain No.Host/ SubstratumGenBank Accession No.
ITSLSURPB1RPB2TEF
Akanthomyces aculeatusHUA 772Lepidoptera; Sphingidae-KC519370--KC519366
A. attenuatesCBS 402.78Leaf litter (Acer saccharum)-AF339565EF468888EF468935EF468782
A. coccidioperitheciatusNHJ 6709Araneae (Spider)-EU369042EU369067-EU369025
A. farinosaCBS 541.81-AY624180MF416553MF416655MF416449JQ425686
A. tuberculatusBCC 16819Lepidoptera (Adult moth)-GQ249987--GQ250037
A. tuberculatusOSC 111002Lepidoptera-DQ518767DQ522384-DQ522338
Ascopolyporus polychrousP.C. 546Plant-DQ118737DQ127236-DQ118745
A. villosusARSEF 6355Plant-AY886544DQ127241-DQ118750
Beauveria bassianaARSEF 1564Lepidoptera; Arctiidae--HQ880833HQ880905HQ880974
B. brongniartiiARSEF 617Coleoptera; Scarabaeidae-AB027381HQ880854HQ880926HQ880991
B. brongniartiiBCC 16585Coleoptera (Anomala cuprea)JN049867JF415967JN049885JF415991JF416009
B. caledonicaARSEF 2567Soil-AF339520HQ880889HQ880961EF469057
Bionectria ochroleucaAFTOL-ID187--DQ862027-DQ862013DQ862029
B. vericulosaHMAS 183151PlantHM050304HM050302---
Blackwellomyces cardinalisOSC 93609Lepidoptera; Tineidae (Larva)-AY184962DQ522370-DQ522325
B. cardinalisOSC 93610Lepidoptera; Tineidae (Larva)-AY184963EF469088-EF469059
B. pseudomilitarisNBRC 101409Lepidoptera (Larva)-JN941393JN992482--
B. pseudomilitarisNBRC 101410Lepidoptera (Larva)-JN941394JN992481--
Calcarisporium arbusculaCBS 221.73-AY271809----
C. arbusculaCBS 900.68Hymenomycetes (Agarics sp.)KT945003KX442598-KX442597KX442596
C. cordycipiticolaCGMCC 3.17904Cordycipitaceae (Cordyceps militaris)KT945001KX442604-KX442607KX442605
C. cordycipiticolaCGMCC 3.17905Cordycipitaceae (Cordyceps militaris)KT944999KX442599-KX442594KX442593
C. xylariicolaHMAS 276836Xylariaceae (Xylaria sp.)KX442603KX442601-KX442606KX442595
Calonectria ilicicolaCBS 190.50PlantGQ280605GQ280727-KM232307AY725726
Cephalosporium curtipesCBS 154.61Uredinales (Hemileia vastatrix)AJ292404AF339548-EF468947EF468802
Claviceps fusiformisATCC 26019PoaceaeJN049817---DQ522320
Clonostachys roseaGJS 90-227Plant-AY489716--AY489611
Cocoonihabitus sinensisHMAS 254523Saturniidae (Cocoon)KY924870KY924869---
C. sinensisHMAS 254524Saturniidae (Cocoon)MF687395MF687396---
Cordyceps amoene-roseaCBS 107.73Coleoptera (Pupa)MH860646MH872342MF416651--
C. bifusisporaEFCC 5690Lepidoptera (Pupa)-EF468806EF468854EF468909EF468746
C. cateniannulataCBS 152.83Coleoptera (Adult)NR_111169NG_067333---
C. cateniobliquaCBS 153.83Lepidoptera (Adoxophyesprivatana)NR_111170---JQ425688
C. cf. farinosaOSC 111004Lepidoptera (Pupa)-EF468840EF468886-EF468780
C. coleopterorumCBS 110.73Coleoptera (Larva)AY624177JF415988JN049903JF416006JF416028
C. farinosaCBS 111113--MF416554MF416656MF416450MF416499
C. fumosoroseaCBS 107.10--MF416556MF416659MF416453MF416502
C. militarisOSC 93623Lepidoptera (Pupa)-AY184966DQ522377AY545732DQ522332
Dactylonectria alcacerensisCBS 129087Plant (Vitis vinifera)JF735333KM231629--JF735819
Elaphocordyceps ophioglossoidesNBRC106332-JN943322JN941409---
E. paradoxaNBRC 106958-JN943324JN941411---
Engyodontium aranearumCBS 309.85Araneae (Spider)-AF339526DQ522387DQ522439DQ522341
Epichloë typhinaATCC 56429Poaceae (Festuca rubra)JN049832U17396-DQ522440AF543777
Flammocladiella acerisCPC 24422Plant (Acer platanoides)KR611883KR611901---
Flavocillium bifurcatumYFCC 6101Noctuidae (Larva)-MN576781MN576841MN576897MN576951
Fusarium circinatumCBS 405.97-U61677--JX171623KM231943
F. subluratumCBS 189.34SoilHQ897830KM231680---
Gelasinospora tetraspermaAFTOL-ID 1287--DQ470980-DQ470932DQ471103
Gibellula longisporaNHJ 12014Araneae (Spider)--EU369055-EU369017
G. pulchraNHJ 10808Araneae (Spider)-EU369035EU369056-EU369018
G. ratticaudataARSEF 1915Araneae (Spider)-DQ518777DQ522408-DQ522360
Haptocillium sinenseCBS 567.95NematodeAJ292417AF339545---
Harposporium harposporiferumARSEF 5472--NG_060621---
Hevansia arachnophileNHJ 10469Araneae (Spider)-EU369031EU369047-EU369008
H. cinereaNHJ 3510Araneae (Spider)--EU369048-EU369009
H. nelumboidesBCC 41864Araneae (Spider)JN201871JN201873--JN201867
H. novoguineensisNHJ 11923Araneae (Spider)-EU369032EU369052-EU369013
Hyperdermium pulvinatumP.C. 602Hemiptera (Scale insect)-DQ118738DQ127237-DQ118746
Hydropisphaera erubescensATCC 36093--AF193230-AY545731DQ518174
H. pezizaGJS 92-101Plant (Bark)-AY489730--AY489625
Hypocrea americanaAFTOL-ID 52-DQ491488AY544649--DQ471043
H. luteaATCC 208838On decorticated conifer wood-AF543791-DQ522446AF543781
H. rufaDAOM JBT1003-JN942883JN938865
H. discoideaBCC 8237-JN049840DQ384937-DQ452461DQ384977
Hypomyces polyporinusATCC 76479--AF543793--AF543784
Isaria farinosaCEP 004SoilJN998783---JN998763
I. farinosaCEP 005SoilJN998784---JN998764
I. farinosaCEP 029Trialeurodes vaporariorumJN998785---JN998765
I. farinosaOSC 111005Lepidoptera (Pupa)-DQ518772DQ522394-DQ522348
I. farinosaOSC 111006Lepidoptera (Pupa)-EF469080EF469094-EF469065
I. farinosaOSC 111007Lepidoptera (Pupa)-DQ518773DQ522395DQ522449DQ522349
Lecanicillium antillanumCBS 350.85Hymenomycetes (Agaric sp.)-AF339536DQ522396DQ522450DQ522350
L. attenuatumCBS 402.78Leaf litter of Acer saccharum-AF339565EF468888EF468935EF468782
L. aranearumCBS 726.73aArachnida (Spider)-AF339537EF468887EF468934EF468781
L. fusisporumCBS 164.70Hymenomycetes (Coltricia perennis)-AF339549EF468889-EF468783
L. psalliotaeCBS 367.86Puccinia graminis-KM283800--KM283823
L. lecaniiCBS101247Hemiptera (Coccus viridis)JN049836KM283794-KM283859DQ522359
Leptobacillium chinenseLC 1345submerged wood-JQ410322---
L. coffeanumCDA 734Plant (Coffea arabica)-MF066032---
Liangia sinensisYFCC 3103Fungi (Beauveria yunnanensis)-MN576782MN576842MN576898MN576952
L. sinensisYFCC 3104Fungi (Beauveria yunnanensis)-MN576783MN576843MN576899MN576953
Metapochonia goniodesCBS 891.72FungiAJ292409AF339550DQ522401DQ522458DQ522354
Myrotheciomyces corymbiaeCPC 33206Plant (Corymbia variegata)NR_160351NG_064542---
Myrothecium inundatumIMI 158855Hymenomycetes (Russula nigricans)-AY489731--AY489626
M. roridumATCC 16297Soil-AY489708--AY489603
M. verrucariaATCC 9095Plant (Gossypium sp.)-AY489713--AY489608
Nectira cinnabarinaCBS 125165Plant (Aesculus sp.)HM484548HM484562-KM232402HM484527
N. nigrescensCBS 125148Plant (Dicotyledonous tree)HM484707HM484720-KM232403HM484672
Nectriopsis violaceaCBS 424.64Fungi (Fuligo sp.)-AY489719---
Neobarya parasiticaMarson s/nFungi (Bertia moriformis)KP899626KP899626---
Neonectria candidaCBS 151.29Plant (Malus sylvestris)JF735313AY677333--JF735791
N. faginataCBS 217.67-HQ840385HQ840382-DQ789797JF268746
N. neomacrisporaCBS 118984-HQ840388HQ840379-DQ789810JF268754
N. ramulariaeCBS 182.36-HM054157HM042435-DQ789793HM054092
Neurospora crassaICMP 6360-AY681193AY681158---
Niesslia exilisCBS 560.74--AY489720--AY489614
Ophiocordyceps heteropodaEFCC 10125Cicadidae (Tibicen bihamatus)JN049852EF468812-EF468914EF468752
O. sinensisEFCC 7287Lepidoptera (Ghostmoth)JN049854EF468827-EF468924EF468767
O. stylophorOSC 111000Insect (Larvae)JN049828DQ518766-DQ522433DQ522337
Peethambara spirostriataCBS 110115Plant (Theobroma cacao)-AY489724-EF692516AY489619
Purpureocillium lilacinumCBS 284.36Soil-AY624227EF468898EF468941EF468792
P. lilacinumCBS 431.87Nematoda (Meloidogyne sp.)HQ842812EF468844EF468897EF468940EF468791
Rosasphaeria moravicaLMM-JF440985--JF440986JF440987
Roumegueriella rufulaGJS 91-64--EF469082-EF469116EF469070
R. rufulaCBS 346.85--DQ518776-DQ522461DQ522355
Samsoniella alboaurantiumCBS 240.32Lepidoptera (Pupa)-JF415979JN049895JF415999JF416019
S. alboaurantiumCBS 262.58Soil-AB080087MF416654MF416448MF416497
S. alpinaYFCC 5818Hepialidae (Hepialus baimaensis)-MN576809MN576869MN576923MN576979
S. alpinaYFCC 5831Hepialidae (Hepialus baimaensis)-MN576810MN576870MN576924MN576980
S. antleroidesYFCC 6016Noctuidae (Larvae)-MN576803MN576863MN576917MN576973
S. antleroidesYFCC 6113Noctuidae (Larvae)-MN576804MN576864MN576918MN576974
S. aurantiaTBRC 7271Lepidoptera-MF140728MF140791MF140818MF140846
S. aurantiaTBRC 7272Lepidoptera-MF140727-MF140817MF140845
S. aurantiaDY10951Lepidoptera (Pupa)MZ827667MZ827827--MZ855229
S. aurantiaDY10952Lepidoptera (Pupa)MZ827666MZ827084--MZ855230
S. cardinalisYFCC 5830Limacodidae (Pupa)-MN576788MN576848MN576902MN576958
S. cardinalisYFCC 6144Limacodidae (Pupa)-MN576786MN576846MN576900MN576956
S. coleopterorumA19501Curculionidae (Snout beetle)MT626376-MT642600MN101585MN101586
S. coleopterorumA19502Curculionidae (Snout beetle)MT626625-MT642603MN101587MT642602
S. cristataYFCC 6021Saturniidae (Pupa)-MN576791MN576851MN576905MN576961
S. cristataYFCC 6023Saturniidae (Pupa)-MN576792MN576852MN576906MN576962
S. hepialiICMM 82-2Fungi (Ophiocordyceps sinensis)-MN576794MN576854MN576908MN576964
S. hepialiICMM Cs-4Fungi (Ophiocordycepssinensis)-MN576799MN576859MN576913MN576969
S. hepialiYFCC 661Fungi (Ophiocordycepssinensis)-MN576795MN576855MN576909MN576965
S. hepialiYJ06171FormicidaeMZ831866MZ831868MZ855241-MZ855235
S. hepialiYJ06172FormicidaeMZ831867MZ831873--MZ855236
S. hymenopterorumA19521Vespidae (Bee)MN128224-MT642601MT642604MN101588
S. hymenopterorumA19522Vespidae (Bee)MN128081-MN101589MN101590MN101591
S. inthanonensisTBRC 7915Lepidoptera (Pupa)MF140761-MF140790MF140815MF140849
S. inthanonensisTBRC 7916Lepidoptera (Pupa)MF140760-MF140789MF140814MF140848
S. kunmingensisYHH 16002Lepidoptera (Pupa)-MN576802MN576862MN576916MN576972
S. lanmaoaYFCC 6148Lepidoptera (Pupa)-MN576789MN576849MN576903MN576959
S. lanmaoaYFCC 6193Lepidoptera (Pupa)-MN576790MN576850MN576904MN576960
S. lepidopterorumDL10071Lepidoptera (Pupa)MN128076-MN101592MN101593MN101594
S. lepidopterorumDL10072Lepidoptera (Pupa)MN128084--MT642605MT642606
S. pseudoguniiGY407201Lepidoptera (Larvae)MZ827470MZ827010-MZ855239MZ855233
S. pseudoguniiGY407202Lepidoptera (Larvae)MZ831863MZ831865-MZ855240MZ855234
S. pupicolaDY101681Lepidoptera (Pupa)MZ827085MZ827009-MZ855237MZ855231
S. pupicolaDY101682Lepidoptera (Pupa)MZ827008MZ827635-MZ855238MZ855232
S. ramoseYFCC 6020Limacodidae (Pupa)-MN576805MN576865MN576919MN576975
S. tortricidaeYFCC 6013Limacodidae (Pupa)-MN576807MN576867MN576921MN576977
S. tortricidaeYFCC 6131Limacodidae (Pupa)-MN576806MN576866MN576920MN576976
S. yunnanensisYFCC 1527Limacodidae (Pupa)-MN576812MN576872MN576926MN576982
S. yunnanensisYFCC 1824Limacodidae (Pupa)-MN576813MN576873MN576927MN576983
Sarocladium bacillisporumCBS 425.67SoilNR_145039MH870718---
S. dejongiaeCBS 144929SoilNR_161153NG_067854---
S. implicatumCBS 959.72SoilHG965023MH878470---
S. subulatumCBS 217.35SoilMH855652NG_070566---
S. terricolaCBS 243.59SoilMH857853MH869389---
Shimizuomyces paradoxusEFCC 6279Smilacaceae (Smilax sieboldii)JN049847EF469084-EF469117EF469071
Simplicillium lamellicolaCBS 116.25Hymenomycetes (Agaricus bisporus)AJ292393MH866307-DQ522462DQ522356
S. lanosoniveumCBS 101267Uredinales (Hemileia vastatrix)-AJ292395-DQ522463DQ522357
S. lanosoniveumCBS 704.86Uredinales (Hemileia vastatrix)AJ292396AF339553-DQ522464DQ522358
Sordaria fimicolaAFTOL-ID 216-DQ518178---DQ518175
Sphaerostilbella aureonitensGJS74-87-FJ442633HM466683-FJ442763-
S. berkeleyanaGJS82-274--U00756--AF543783
Stachybotrys chlorohalonataDAOM 235557-JN942888JN938870---
S. eucylindrosporaATCC 18851-JN942887JN938869---
Stephanonectria keithiiGJS92-133Plant (Bark)-AY489727--AY489622
Tilachlidium brachiatumCBS 363.97Hymenomycetes (Agaricus sp.)KM231838KM231719-KM232414KM231975
T. brachiatumCBS 506.67Hymenomycetes (Hypholoma fasciculare)KM231839HQ232177-KM232415KM231976
Tolypocladium inflatumSCALT1007-002SclerotiumKC963032----
Trichoderma aggresivumCBS 100525--JN939837-JQ014130-
T. virideGJS89-127Plant (Bark)-AY489726--AY489621
Trichothecium roseumDUCC 502Plant (Solanum lycopersicum)JN937590JX458860---
Valetoniellopsis laxaGJS 96-174--AY015635-AY015638-
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Chen, W.; Liang, J.; Ren, X.; Zhao, J.; Han, Y.; Liang, Z. Cryptic Diversity of Isaria-like Species in Guizhou, China. Life 2021, 11, 1093. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11101093

AMA Style

Chen W, Liang J, Ren X, Zhao J, Han Y, Liang Z. Cryptic Diversity of Isaria-like Species in Guizhou, China. Life. 2021; 11(10):1093. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11101093

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen, Wanhao, Jiandong Liang, Xiuxiu Ren, Jiehong Zhao, Yanfeng Han, and Zongqi Liang. 2021. "Cryptic Diversity of Isaria-like Species in Guizhou, China" Life 11, no. 10: 1093. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11101093

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop