Muscle Hypertrophy and Architectural Changes in Response to Eight-Week Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Training in Healthy Older People
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Participants
4.2. Experimental Design
4.3. Combined NMES Training
4.4. NMES of the Quadriceps Muscle Group
4.5. NMES Training of Lumbar Paraspinal Muscles
4.6. Functional Tests
4.7. The Procedure of Ultrasound Scanning
4.8. Analysis of Ultrasound Images
4.9. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Intraclass Correlation Coefficient | 95% CI | ||
---|---|---|---|
Lower Limit | Upper Limit | ||
CSA of VL | 0.988 | 0.849 | 0.998 |
MT of VL | 0.994 | 0.948 | 0.999 |
FL of VL | 0.971 | 0.752 | 0.995 |
PA of VL | 0.948 | 0.577 | 0.990 |
CSA of LM left | 0.970 | 0.854 | 0.994 |
CSA of LM right | 0.994 | 0.974 | 0.999 |
NMES n = 8 | CG n = 8 | p Value * | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (y) | 69.3 (3.2) | 68.0 (2.3) | 0.588 |
Weight (kg) | 67.6 (15.9) | 80.1 (10.7) | 0.066 |
Height (cm) | 160.1 (8.4) | 170.4 (9.2) | 0.058 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.5 (3.8) | 27.9 (2.0) | 0.294 |
NMES n = 8 | CG n = 8 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Pre- | Post- | Pre- | Post- | |
MU Parameters | ||||
CSA of VL (cm2) | 10.7 (4.6) | 12.2 (4.3) * | 12.8 (2.6) | 12.5 (2.6) * |
MT (cm) | 1.7 (0.4) | 1.9 (0.4) * | 1.9 (0.2) | 1.8 (0.3) * |
FL (cm) | 7.2 (0.5) | 7.3 (0.8) | 7.7 (0.7) | 7.5 (0.7) * |
PA (in°) | 15.0 (3.9) | 15.0 (4.1) | 13.9 (3.2) | 13.6 (3.0) * |
CSA of LM left (cm2) | 9.8 (2.7) | 10.4 (2.3) * | 10.7 (3.4) | 11.2 (4.0) |
CSA of LM right (cm2) | 9.1 (2.1) | 9.2 (2.6) * | 10.3 (3.5) | 10.3 (3.4) |
Functional Parameters | ||||
FTSST (in secs) | 6.5 (2.1) | 6.5 (2.6) | 6.5 (0.4) | 6.6 (0.7) |
TUG (in secs) | 4.7 (1.1) | 4.4 (1.5) | 4.6 (0.6) | 4.6 (0.5) |
NMES n = 8 | CG n = 8 | p Value * | r | |
---|---|---|---|---|
MU Parameters | ||||
CSA of VL | 11.3 (15.1) | −1.4 (4.0) | 0.006 | 0.68 |
MT | 6.9 (6.9) | −2.2 (4.7) | 0.001 | 0.84 |
FL | 2.1 (5.6) | −1.1 (4.2) | 0.046 | 0.50 |
PA | 4.0 (9.0) | −0.6 (2.9) | 0.006 | 0.68 |
CSA of LM left | 6.4 (8.2) | −0.6 (1.9) | 0.036 | 0.53 |
CSA of LM right | 6.5 (9.8) | −0.8 (2.3) | 0.005 | 0.71 |
Functional Parameters # | ||||
FTSST | −0.03 (23.0) | 2.1 (11.7) | 0.345 | 0.24 |
TUG | −10.9 (13.8) | 2.6 (6.5) | 0.046 | 0.50 |
Combined NMES Training | Week | Duration | Frequency and Pulse | Intensity | Pre-Load | Load |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quadriceps | 1–8 w (3/w) | 18′ | 75 Hz Rectangular biphasic waves (400 µs) | Maximum tolerable intensity corresponded to the individual’s pain threshold | 5′ pedaling | 40 contractions of 6.25 s (rise time 1.5 s, steady time 4 s, fall time 0.75 s) |
Lumbar paraspinal muscles | 1–8 w (3/w) | 15′ | 50 Hz Symmetrical biphasic waves (300 µs) | 5′ pedaling | 45 contractions of 10 s (rise time 1 s, steady time 8 s, fall time 1 s) |
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Jandova, T.; Narici, M.V.; Steffl, M.; Bondi, D.; D’Amico, M.; Pavlu, D.; Verratti, V.; Fulle, S.; Pietrangelo, T. Muscle Hypertrophy and Architectural Changes in Response to Eight-Week Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Training in Healthy Older People. Life 2020, 10, 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/life10090184
Jandova T, Narici MV, Steffl M, Bondi D, D’Amico M, Pavlu D, Verratti V, Fulle S, Pietrangelo T. Muscle Hypertrophy and Architectural Changes in Response to Eight-Week Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Training in Healthy Older People. Life. 2020; 10(9):184. https://doi.org/10.3390/life10090184
Chicago/Turabian StyleJandova, Tereza, Marco V. Narici, Michal Steffl, Danilo Bondi, Moreno D’Amico, Dagmar Pavlu, Vittore Verratti, Stefania Fulle, and Tiziana Pietrangelo. 2020. "Muscle Hypertrophy and Architectural Changes in Response to Eight-Week Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Training in Healthy Older People" Life 10, no. 9: 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/life10090184