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Volume 14
Issue 9
10.3390/machines14091070
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Article

High-Quality WC-Reinforced Inconel 625 Metal Matrix Composite Coating Fabricated by Novel High-Speed Directed Energy Deposition

by
Jingjing Wang
1,*,
Nellian Alagu Subramaniam
2,
Eddie Zhi En Tan
2 and
John Hock Lye Pang
1
1
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
2
Makino Asia Pte Ltd., 2 Gul Ave, Singapore 629649, Singapore
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Machines 2026, 14(9), 1070; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines14091070 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 7 July 2026 / Revised: 9 September 2026 / Accepted: 10 September 2026 / Published: 18 September 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Performance of High-Value Components Through Additive Manufacturing: Applications in Marine, Air, and Land Transportation)
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Abstract

High-speed directed energy deposition (HS-DED) was employed to fabricate a high-quality tungsten carbide (WC)-reinforced Inconel 625 metal matrix composite (MMC) coating on 316L stainless steel. The exceptionally high scanning speed (~30,000 mm/min) significantly reduced thermal exposure during processing, promoting uniform WC particle retention, negligible porosity (<0.1%), and strong metallurgical bonding with the substrate. Microstructural characterization using SEM, EBSD, and XRD revealed a refined Inconel 625 matrix with limited WC dissolution and pronounced accumulation of geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs), indicating strong heterogeneous deformation-induced strengthening. The resulting coating exhibited high hardness, superior shear bond strength (623 MPa), and a defect-free structure, outperforming conventional high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF)-sprayed coatings. These results demonstrate that HS-DED enables the fabrication of dense, well-bonded, and mechanically robust MMC coatings, offering a promising alternative to conventional thermal spray technologies for demanding wear and structural applications.
Keywords: high scanning speed; directed energy deposition; tungsten carbide/Inconel 625 coating; interface bond/shear strength high scanning speed; directed energy deposition; tungsten carbide/Inconel 625 coating; interface bond/shear strength

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MDPI and ACS Style

Wang, J.; Subramaniam, N.A.; Tan, E.Z.E.; Pang, J.H.L. High-Quality WC-Reinforced Inconel 625 Metal Matrix Composite Coating Fabricated by Novel High-Speed Directed Energy Deposition. Machines 2026, 14, 1070. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines14091070

AMA Style

Wang J, Subramaniam NA, Tan EZE, Pang JHL. High-Quality WC-Reinforced Inconel 625 Metal Matrix Composite Coating Fabricated by Novel High-Speed Directed Energy Deposition. Machines. 2026; 14(9):1070. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines14091070

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Jingjing, Nellian Alagu Subramaniam, Eddie Zhi En Tan, and John Hock Lye Pang. 2026. "High-Quality WC-Reinforced Inconel 625 Metal Matrix Composite Coating Fabricated by Novel High-Speed Directed Energy Deposition" Machines 14, no. 9: 1070. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines14091070

APA Style

Wang, J., Subramaniam, N. A., Tan, E. Z. E., & Pang, J. H. L. (2026). High-Quality WC-Reinforced Inconel 625 Metal Matrix Composite Coating Fabricated by Novel High-Speed Directed Energy Deposition. Machines, 14(9), 1070. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines14091070

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