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Review

Multisensor Data Fusion-Driven Digital Twins in Computer Numerical Control Machining: A Review

Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
Machines 2025, 13(10), 921; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13100921
Submission received: 15 August 2025 / Revised: 16 September 2025 / Accepted: 2 October 2025 / Published: 6 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Tools in Advanced Machining)

Abstract

As key equipment in the manufacturing industry, computer numerical control (CNC) machines need to meet the ever-increasing demands for high automation, intelligence, and integration. Since its introduction in 2003, digital twin (DT) has seen its broad applications in various areas, such as product design, process monitoring, quality control, and fault diagnosis. A DT creates a virtual replica of the physical system by integrating real-time data with simulation technologies, providing new possibilities to make CNC machining more intelligent. In the past decade, extensive research has been conducted on the implementation of CNC machining DTs (CNCDTs). This paper focuses specifically on multisensor data fusion-driven CNCDTs by introducing key technologies including sensors, data fusion, and CNCDT architecture. A comprehensive survey is conducted on existing studies of CNCDTs according to their application areas, followed by critical analysis on existing challenges. This review summarizes the current progress of CNCDTs and provides guidance for further development.
Keywords: multisensor data fusion; digital twin; CNC machining multisensor data fusion; digital twin; CNC machining

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Cao, Y. Multisensor Data Fusion-Driven Digital Twins in Computer Numerical Control Machining: A Review. Machines 2025, 13, 921. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13100921

AMA Style

Cao Y. Multisensor Data Fusion-Driven Digital Twins in Computer Numerical Control Machining: A Review. Machines. 2025; 13(10):921. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13100921

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cao, Yang. 2025. "Multisensor Data Fusion-Driven Digital Twins in Computer Numerical Control Machining: A Review" Machines 13, no. 10: 921. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13100921

APA Style

Cao, Y. (2025). Multisensor Data Fusion-Driven Digital Twins in Computer Numerical Control Machining: A Review. Machines, 13(10), 921. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13100921

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