Distribution, Enrichment and Transport of Trace Metals in Sediments from the Dagu River Estuary in the Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Analytical Methods
2.4. Assessment of Sediment Contamination
2.5. Geostatistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Sediment Characteristics
3.2. Heavy Metals and Metalloids Concentrations
Locations | Cu | Pb | Zn | Cr | Cd | As | Hg | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dagu River | 15.68 (5.20~50.20) | 23.30 (10.50~33.30) | 35.01 (10.20~83.00) | 34.94 (6.69~71.20) | 0.05 (0.04~0.13) | 2.79 (0.56~7.56) | 0.02 (0.005~0.140) | This study |
Dagu River Estuary | 24.56 (4.90~50.10) | 28.14 (25.40~31.90) | 62.84 (24.20~95.10) | 61.06 (23.00~87.80) | 0.07 (0.04~0.10) | 6.12 (4.0~10.8) | 0.030 (0.005~0.055) | This study |
Intertidal Jiaozhou Bay | 38.8 | 55.2 | 107.4 | 69.9 | 0.42 | 9.2 | na | [9] |
Liaodong Bay | 19.4 | 31.8 | 71.7 | 46.4 | na | 8.3 | 0.04 | [43] |
Luanhe River Esturary | 18.76 | 30.98 | 44.63 | 41.14 | 0.09 | 7.21 | 0.02 | [4] |
Coastal Bohai Bay | 38.5 | 34.7 | 131.1 | 101.4 | 0.22 | na | na | [52] |
Laizhou Bay | 22 | 21.9 | 60.4 | 60 | 0.12 | 12.7 | na | [55] |
Changjiang Estuary | 30.7 | 27.3 | 94.3 | 78.9 | 0.26 | na | na | [53] |
Pearl River Estuary | 46.2 | 59.3 | 150.1 | 89 | na | na | na | [54] |
MSQ-1 | 35 | 60 | 150 | 80 | 0.5 | 20 | 0.2 | AQSIQ (2002) |
4. Discussion
4.1. Metals Contamination
4.1.1. Sediment Quality
4.1.2. Enrichment Factor (EF)
4.2. Metals Control Factors and Sources
4.3. Metals Transport
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sediment Quality Guidelines | Locations | Cu | Pb | Zn | Cr | Cd | As | Hg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Threshold effect level (TEL) | 18.7 | 30.2 | 124 | 52.3 | 0.68 | 7.24 | 0.13 | |
Probable effect level (PEL) | 108 | 112 | 271 | 160 | 4.21 | 41.6 | 0.7 | |
Compared with TEL and PEL (% of samples in each guideline) | ||||||||
<TEL (%) | Dagu River | 82.9 | 87.8 | 100 | 87.8 | 100 | 95.1 | 97.6 |
Dagu River Estuary | 73.2 | 95.1 | 100 | 73.2 | 100 | 92.7 | 100 | |
≥TEL < PEL (%) | Dagu River | 17.1 | 12.2 | 0 | 12.2 | 0 | 4.9 | 2.4 |
Dagu River Estuary | 26.8 | 4.9 | 0 | 26.8 | 0 | 7.3 | 0 |
Parameters | Locations | Cu | Pb | Zn | Cr | Cd | As | Hg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mbackground [46] (mg/kg) | North China | 25 | 15 | 61 | 90 | 0.091 | 5.6 | 0.0094 |
EF | Dagu River | 0.6 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 2.0 |
0.2~2.0 | 0.8~2.2 | 0.2~1.1 | 0.1~0.8 | 0.4~1.2 | 0.1~1.4 | 0.5~12.9 | ||
Dagu River Estuary | 0.8 | 1.6 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 2.7 | |
0.2~1.6 | 1.4~1.8 | 0.4~1.3 | 0.2~0.8 | 0.4~0.9 | 0.6~1.6 | 0.5~4.9 |
Variables | Al | Mn | Fe | TOC | Cu | Pb | Zn | Cr | Cd | As | Hg | Mz |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al | 1.00 | |||||||||||
Mn | 0.10 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
Fe | 0.48 * | 0.57 ** | 1.00 | |||||||||
TOC | 0.34 | 0.29 | 0.48 * | 1.00 | ||||||||
Cu | 0.41 * | 0.66 ** | 0.92 ** | 0.49 * | 1.00 | |||||||
Pb | 0.61 ** | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.37 | 0.23 | 1.00 | ||||||
Zn | 0.72 ** | 0.43 * | 0.86 ** | 0.61 ** | 0.87 ** | 0.47 * | 1.00 | |||||
Cr | 0.49 * | 0.49 * | 0.86 ** | 0.59 ** | 0.79 ** | 0.25 | 0.85 ** | 1.00 | ||||
Cd | 0.48 * | 0.43 * | 0.66 ** | 0.68 ** | 0.65 ** | 0.48 * | 0.76 ** | 0.71 ** | 1.00 | |||
As | 0.37 | 0.50 ** | 0.57 ** | 0.63 ** | 0.61 ** | 0.29 | 0.68 ** | 0.78 ** | 0.51 ** | 1.00 | ||
Hg | 0.56 ** | 0.17 | 0.41 * | 0.40 * | 0.41 * | 0.49 * | 0.60 ** | 0.62 ** | 0.74 ** | 0.47 * | 1.00 | |
Mz | 0.60 ** | 0.22 | 0.54 ** | 0.60 ** | 0.54 ** | 0.34 | 0.76 ** | 0.77 ** | 0.50 ** | 0.79 ** | 0.56 ** | 1.00 |
Variables | Al | Mn | Fe | TOC | Cu | Pb | Zn | Cr | Cd | As | Hg | Mz |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al | 1.00 | |||||||||||
Mn | 0.38 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
Fe | 0.54 * | 0.57 * | 1.00 | |||||||||
TOC | 0.39 | 0.46 | 0.96 ** | 1.00 | ||||||||
Cu | 0.38 | 0.37 | 0.85 ** | 0.90 ** | 1.00 | |||||||
Pb | 0.74 ** | 0.36 | 0.69 ** | 0.66 ** | 0.65 ** | 1.00 | ||||||
Zn | 0.44 | 0.56 * | 0.98 ** | 0.97 ** | 0.92 ** | 0.65 ** | 1.00 | |||||
Cr | 0.48 | 0.67 ** | 0.97 ** | 0.94 ** | 0.85 ** | 0.61 * | 0.97 ** | 1.00 | ||||
Cd | 0.47 | 0.31 | 0.83 ** | 0.85 ** | 0.87 ** | 0.61 * | 0.88 ** | 0.84 ** | 1.00 | |||
As | 0.70 ** | 0.43 | 0.92 ** | 0.86 ** | 0.79 ** | 0.74 ** | 0.86 ** | 0.85 ** | 0.73 ** | 1.00 | ||
Hg | 0.47 | 0.48 | 0.97 ** | 0.96 ** | 0.87 ** | 0.68 ** | 0.98 ** | 0.94 ** | 0.90 ** | 0.86 ** | 1.00 | |
Mz | 0.10 | 0.44 | 0.58 * | 0.55 * | 0.54 * | 0.22 | 0.65 ** | 0.66 ** | 0.60 * | 0.41 | 0.65 ** | 1.00 |
Parameter | Dagu River | Dagu River Estuary | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
PC1 | PC2 | PC1 | PC2 | |
Al | 0.21 | 0.80 | 0.15 | 0.96 |
Mn | 0.78 | −0.10 | 0.41 | 0.41 |
Fe | 0.89 | 0.24 | 0.88 | 0.43 |
TOC | 0.52 | 0.47 | 0.94 | 0.28 |
Cu | 0.90 | 0.23 | 0.89 | 0.26 |
Pb | −0.02 | 0.84 | 0.43 | 0.78 |
Zn | 0.74 | 0.60 | 0.94 | 0.32 |
Cr | 0.83 | 0.41 | 0.90 | 0.36 |
Cd | 0.59 | 0.63 | 0.85 | 0.28 |
As | 0.71 | 0.34 | 0.71 | 0.61 |
Hg | 0.30 | 0.76 | 0.92 | 0.35 |
Eigenvalues | 4.73 | 3.31 | 6.61 | 2.84 |
Percentage of Variances | 42.96 | 30.09 | 60.12 | 25.83 |
Cumulative % Eigenvectors | 42.96 | 73.05 | 60.12 | 85.95 |
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Liu, J.; Yin, P.; Chen, X.; Cao, K. Distribution, Enrichment and Transport of Trace Metals in Sediments from the Dagu River Estuary in the Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, China. Minerals 2019, 9, 545. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9090545
Liu J, Yin P, Chen X, Cao K. Distribution, Enrichment and Transport of Trace Metals in Sediments from the Dagu River Estuary in the Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, China. Minerals. 2019; 9(9):545. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9090545
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Jinqing, Ping Yin, Xiaoying Chen, and Ke Cao. 2019. "Distribution, Enrichment and Transport of Trace Metals in Sediments from the Dagu River Estuary in the Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, China" Minerals 9, no. 9: 545. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9090545