Bio-Precipitation of Calcium and Magnesium Ions through Extracellular and Intracellular Process Induced by Bacillus Licheniformis SRB2
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. 16S rDNA-Based Identification of Bacteria
2.2. Preparation of the Liquid Bacterial Seed of SRB2 Strain
2.3. Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of SRB2 Bacteria
2.3.1. Morphology, Gram Staining, and Ammonia Test
2.3.2. Growth Curve and pH Changes
2.3.3. Ammonium Concentration and pH Based on Ammonium
2.3.4. Carbonic Anhydrase Activity
2.3.5. Bicarbonate and Carbonate Ions, and pH Values
2.4. Medium Used to Induce Biominerals
2.5. Ca2+ and Mg2+ Concentration and the Electroconductivity
2.6. Characterization of Minerals
2.7. EPS and Ultrathin Slices of SRB2
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. 16S rDNA Identification
3.2. Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of SRB2 Bacteria
3.2.1. Morphology, Gram Staining, and Ammonia Test
3.2.2. Growth Curve, CA Activity, the Concentration of NH4+, HCO3− and CO32− Ions, and pH Changes
3.3. Ca2+ and Mg2+ Concentration, and the Electroconductivity
3.4. The Extra- and Intra- Cellular Precipitation of Ca2+ and Mg2+ Ions, and Biominerals Induced by SRB2
3.4.1. Extracellular Biominerals
3.4.2. Intracellular Amorphous Inclusions
3.5. The Mechanism of Ca2+, Mg2+ Bio-Precipitation Induced by SRB2
3.5.1. Carbon Source for Bio-Precipitation
3.5.2. Nucleation Sites of Extracellular Biominerals
3.5.3. Precipitation Controlled by Amino Acids and Organic Functional Groups
4. Implications for Microbial Desalination and Biomineralization
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mg/Ca | Biomineral | Abiotic Mineral | Beef Extract | Tryptone | NaHCO3 | Na2CO3 | Air [78] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | −16.54 ± 0.12 | −13.25 ± 0.22 | −18.14 ± 0.11 | −21.52 ± 0.13 | −14.25 ± 0.09 | −13.36 ± 0.12 | −8 |
6 | −17.55 ± 0.05 | - | |||||
8 | −17.38 ± 0.08 | - | |||||
10 | −18.01 ± 0.13 | - | |||||
12 | −16.12 ± 0.62 | - |
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Zhao, Y.; Yan, H.; Zhou, J.; Tucker, M.E.; Han, M.; Zhao, H.; Mao, G.; Zhao, Y.; Han, Z. Bio-Precipitation of Calcium and Magnesium Ions through Extracellular and Intracellular Process Induced by Bacillus Licheniformis SRB2. Minerals 2019, 9, 526. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9090526
Zhao Y, Yan H, Zhou J, Tucker ME, Han M, Zhao H, Mao G, Zhao Y, Han Z. Bio-Precipitation of Calcium and Magnesium Ions through Extracellular and Intracellular Process Induced by Bacillus Licheniformis SRB2. Minerals. 2019; 9(9):526. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9090526
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Yanyang, Huaxiao Yan, Jingxuan Zhou, Maurice E. Tucker, Mei Han, Hui Zhao, Guangzhou Mao, Yifan Zhao, and Zuozhen Han. 2019. "Bio-Precipitation of Calcium and Magnesium Ions through Extracellular and Intracellular Process Induced by Bacillus Licheniformis SRB2" Minerals 9, no. 9: 526. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9090526