Numerical Simulation Based Targeting of the Magushan Skarn Cu–Mo Deposit, Middle-Lower Yangtze Metallogenic Belt, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Regional and Deposit Geology
2.1. Regional Geology
2.2. Orefield Geology
2.3. Deposit Geology
3. Modeling of the Magushan Skarn Deposit
3.1. Conceptual Model and Conditions
3.2. Simulation Modeling
3.3. Mathematical Modeling
3.3.1. Heat Transfer and the Body Force
3.3.2. Fluid-Flow Driven by Pressure Differentiation
3.3.3. Chemical Reactions and Coupling Equations with Heat Transfer
3.3.4. Transport of Dilute Minerals in Porous Rocks
4. Results
4.1. Simulated Ore-Forming Processes
4.2. Sensitivity Testing
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age | Lithostratigraphic Unit | Unit Code | Lithological Description | Unit Thickness (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Quaternary | Q | Clay | 1–30 | |
Neogene | N | Breccia, mudstone | 0–25 | |
Paleogene | E | Breccia, mudstone | 0–20 | |
Cretaceous | Chishan Formation | K2c | Sandstone | 1055–7605 |
Xuannan Formation | K2x | Quartz sandstone | 50–700 | |
Pukou Formation | K1p | Sandstone, breccia | 379 | |
Gecun Formation | K1g | Mudstone, sandstone | >1000 | |
Zhongfencun Formation | K1z | Limestone, sandstone, andesite | 20–300 | |
Jurassic | Zhongfencun Formation | J3z | Limestone, sandstone, andesite | 20–300 |
Triassic | Nanlinghu Formation | T1n | Limestone | 160–645 |
Helongshan Formation | T1h | Limestone | 130–220 | |
Yinkeng Formation | T1y | Limestone | 200–300 | |
Permian | Dalong Formation | P3d | Quartz sandstone | 10–50 |
Longtan Formation | P2–3l | Quartz sandstone | 100–300 | |
Gufeng Formation | P2g | Shale | 200–300 | |
Qixia Formation | P1q | Limestone | 160–300 | |
Chuanshan Formation | P1c | Limestone | 30–50 | |
Carboniferous | Huanglong Formation | C2h | Limestone | 30–50 |
Gaolishan Formation | C1g | Siltstone | 60–90 | |
Devonian | Wutong Formation | D3w | Quartz sandstone | 85–176 |
Silurian | Maoshan Formation | S1–2m | Quartz sandstone | 600–900 |
Fentou Formation | S1f | Lithic sandstone | 800–1500 | |
Gaojiabian Formation | S1g | Fine-grained sandstone, mudstone, shale | 700–1300 |
Rock Type | Density (Kg/m3) | Specific Heat Capacity (J/Kg K) | Porosity (/1) | Permeability (m2) | Thermal Expansion Coefficient (10−6/K) | Heat Conductivity (W/m K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wall rock | 2650 | 820 | 0.23 | 8.0 × 10−14 | 7 | 2.9 |
Intrusion | 2650 | 870 | 0.22 | 6.0 × 10−14 | 8 | 2.8 |
Denuded Cretaceous | 2580 | 780 | 0.26 | 8.6 × 10−14 | 7 | 3.1 |
Core of the syncline | 2650 | 820 | 0.24 | 8.8 × 10−14 | 8 | 2.9 |
Formula | Layer Classification | Pressure Gradient (MPa/km) | Calculated Depth (km) |
---|---|---|---|
Lithostatic gradient: | Upper crust | 26.5 | 0–15 |
Middle crust | 29 | 15–24.4 | |
Lower crust | 33.75 | 24.4–115 | |
Crust (average) | 30 | Whole crust | |
Lithosphere (average) | 33 | Whole lithosphere |
Concentration of Garnet (×10−21 mol/m3) | Area Ratio of Northwest Limb | Area Ration of Southeast Limb |
---|---|---|
>2 | 0.022064 | 0.019843 |
>4 | 0.009651 | 0.006918 |
>6 | 0.002448 | 0.003103 |
Model Shape | Concentration of Garnet (×10−21 mol/m3) | Area Ratio of Northwest Limb | Area Ratio of Southeast Limb |
---|---|---|---|
Wider northwestern apophysis | >2 | 0.021580 | 0.019387 |
>4 | 0.008854 | 0.010704 | |
>6 | 0.001338 | 0.003672 | |
Original model | >2 | 0.022064 | 0.019843 |
>4 | 0.009651 | 0.006918 | |
>6 | 0.002448 | 0.003103 | |
Thinner northwestern apophysis | >2 | 0.021414 | 0.019098 |
>4 | 0.006454 | 0.011078 | |
>6 | 0.001286 | 0.003767 |
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Hu, X.; Li, X.; Yuan, F.; Ord, A.; Jowitt, S.M.; Li, Y.; Dai, W.; Ye, R.; Zhou, T. Numerical Simulation Based Targeting of the Magushan Skarn Cu–Mo Deposit, Middle-Lower Yangtze Metallogenic Belt, China. Minerals 2019, 9, 588. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9100588
Hu X, Li X, Yuan F, Ord A, Jowitt SM, Li Y, Dai W, Ye R, Zhou T. Numerical Simulation Based Targeting of the Magushan Skarn Cu–Mo Deposit, Middle-Lower Yangtze Metallogenic Belt, China. Minerals. 2019; 9(10):588. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9100588
Chicago/Turabian StyleHu, Xunyu, Xiaohui Li, Feng Yuan, Alison Ord, Simon M. Jowitt, Yue Li, Wenqiang Dai, Rui Ye, and Taofa Zhou. 2019. "Numerical Simulation Based Targeting of the Magushan Skarn Cu–Mo Deposit, Middle-Lower Yangtze Metallogenic Belt, China" Minerals 9, no. 10: 588. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9100588