Sulfide Breccias from the Semenov-3 Hydrothermal Field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Authigenic Mineral Formation and Trace Element Pattern
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological Background
3. Samples and Analytical Techniques
4. Results
4.1. Textures, Structures, and Mineralogy of Sulfide Breccias
4.2. Bulk Chemistry
4.3. Trace Element Composition of Sulfides
4.4. Trace Element Zoning in Nodular Pyrite
5. Discussion
5.1. Textures, Structures, and Mineralogy of Sulfide Breccias
5.2. Mineral Geochemistry
5.3. Trace Element Zoning of the Pyrite Nodule
5.4. Possible Exploration Guidelines
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Latitude | Longitude | Depth | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Start | Finish | Start | Finish | Start | Finish |
13°30.801′ | 13°30.601′ N | 44°54.800′ W | 44°55.195′ W | 2616 m | 2393 m |
Sample Number | Fe | S | Cu | Zn | Pb | Si | Ca | Mn | Mg | Ba | Ni | Co | Mo | Cd | Sn | Ag | Au |
wt % | ppm | ||||||||||||||||
Polar Marine Geosurvey Expedition (PMGE) Data | |||||||||||||||||
284-B2 | 44.34 | 46.22 | 0.21 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.70 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.88 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 8.45 | 7.90 | 11.6 | 0.63 |
284-B3 | 37.73 | 39.99 | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 7.35 | 0.60 | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.53 | 0.003 | 0.013 | 0.001 | 6.55 | 16.62 | 10.3 | 0.29 |
284-B4 | 38.38 | 36.50 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.01 | 4.91 | 0.70 | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.88 | 0.002 | 0.007 | <0.001 | 10.55 | 29.93 | 6.3 | 0.53 |
284-B5 | 25.81 | 28.31 | 0.20 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 13.75 | 0.99 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 2.59 | 0.003 | 0.006 | <0.001 | 5.45 | 48.58 | 10.0 | 0.36 |
284-B7 | 32.28 | 33.68 | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 6.27 | 0.70 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 4.12 | 0.003 | 0.002 | <0.001 | 6.90 | 10.38 | 17.4 | 0.28 |
median | 37.73 | 36.50 | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 6.27 | 0.70 | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.88 | 0.003 | 0.006 | 0.001 | 6.90 | 16.62 | 10.3 | 0.36 |
IMin Data | SiO2 | CaO | MnO | MgO | |||||||||||||
wt % | ppm | wt % | ppm | ||||||||||||||
284-a | 47.47 | 22.98 | 2119 | 375 | 47.50 | 22.74 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.04 | n.a. | 47.50 | 23.75 | n.a. | 8.00 | n.a. | 12.7 | 0.48 |
284-b | 35.82 | 21.21 | 2706 | 419 | 31.50 | 37.60 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.05 | n.a. | 56.75 | 55.75 | n.a. | 6.50 | n.a. | 20.4 | 0.34 |
284-c | 49.37 | 22.62 | 665 | 265 | 52.75 | 22.62 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.03 | n.a. | 34.75 | 51.00 | n.a. | 9.50 | n.a. | 9.3 | 0.39 |
284-d | 45.00 | 23.96 | 1600 | 351 | 57.75 | 26.18 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | n.a. | 47.75 | 35.00 | n.a. | 7.25 | n.a. | 11.8 | 0.32 |
284-e | 63.06 | 21.57 | 328 | 135 | 28.25 | 3.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | n.a. | 95.75 | 51.25 | n.a. | 11.25 | n.a. | 5.8 | 0.20 |
median | 47.47 | 22.62 | 1600 | 351 | 47.5 | 22.74 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 47.75 | 51 | 8 | 11.8 | 0.34 |
Sample Number | V | Cr | Mn | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Sr | Mo | Cd | Sn | Sb | Te | Ba | Tl | Pb | Bi | Th | U |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
284-a | 3.30 | 19 | 83 | 24 | 13 | 751 | 203 | 0.39 | 0.11 | 148 | 38 | 77 | 30 | 0.47 | 1.99 | 2.09 | 0.08 | 1182 | 6.31 | 72 | 0.12 | 0.06 | 1.34 |
284-b | 4.21 | 46 | 45 | 38 | 12 | 1745 | 257 | 0.39 | 0.06 | 123 | 44 | 116 | 37 | 0.94 | 3.34 | 2.45 | 0.76 | 1340 | 5.69 | 85 | 0.43 | 0.01 | 0.72 |
Number of Analysis | Fe | Cu | S | Co | Ni | As | Se | Au | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pyrite | |||||||||
284-3-5-1 | 47.75 | <0.07 | 53.18 | <0.06 | <0.06 | <0.12 | <0.07 | <0.20 | 101.00 |
284-3-5-3 | 47.85 | <0.07 | 53.12 | <0.06 | <0.06 | <0.12 | <0.07 | <0.20 | 101.07 |
284-3-7-13 | 47.21 | <0.07 | 53.47 | <0.06 | <0.06 | <0.12 | <0.07 | <0.20 | 100.75 |
Chalcopyrite | |||||||||
284-3-7-1 | 29.92 | 33.05 | 35.08 | <0.06 | <0.06 | <0.12 | 0.08 | <0.20 | 98.15 |
284-3-7-8 | 30.09 | 33.26 | 34.79 | <0.06 | <0.06 | <0.12 | <0.07 | <0.20 | 98.14 |
284-3-7-9 | 30.10 | 33.77 | 34.98 | <0.06 | <0.06 | <0.12 | <0.07 | <0.20 | 98.91 |
284-3-7-10 | 29.65 | 33.47 | 34.60 | <0.06 | <0.06 | <0.12 | <0.07 | 0.43 | 98.15 |
284-3-7-23 | 30.36 | 33.95 | 34.69 | <0.06 | <0.06 | <0.12 | 0.30 | <0.20 | 99.35 |
284-3-7-22 | 30.05 | 34.21 | 34.90 | <0.06 | <0.06 | <0.12 | <0.07 | <0.20 | 99.20 |
51V | 55Mn | 59Co | 60Ni | 65Cu | 66Zn | 75As | 77Se | 95Mo | 107Ag | 111Cd | 118Sn | 121Sb | 125Te | 182W | 197Au | 205Tl | 208Pb | 209Bi | 238U | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clastic Fine-Crystalline Pyrite (8) | ||||||||||||||||||||
m | 0.92d | 95 | 12 | 2.36 | 715 | 169 | 186 | 19 | 35 | 15 | 0.27 | 1.38 | 1.00 | 0.44 | 0.24 | 0.12 | 10 | 79 | 0.15 | 0.38 |
av | 1.78 | 136 | 37 | 27 | 2417 | 528 | 236 | 148 | 139 | 66 | 0.66 | 3.95 | 6.33 | 0.83 | 0.40 | 2.14 | 12 | 216 | 0.52 | 0.60 |
min | 0.54 | 5.09 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 16 | 17 | 63 | 2.65 | 2.17 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.44 | 2.35 | 0.00 | 0.02 |
max | 5.99 | 422 | 123 | 128 | 12913 | 2191 | 463 | 481 | 696 | 333 | 1.96 | 20 | 32 | 3.15 | 1.33 | 11 | 41 | 772 | 1.82 | 2.23 |
Ovoid Fine-Crystalline Pyrite (6) | ||||||||||||||||||||
m | 1.17 | 180 | 10 | 6.82 | 2913 | 2524 | 140 | 90 | 3.68 | 59 | 3.12 | 1.88 | 4.47 | 0.21 | 0.49 | 0.29 | 9.69 | 264 | 0.18 | 1.87 |
av | 1.20 | 243 | 11 | 6.68 | 2544 | 2161 | 240 | 100 | 3.22 | 56 | 2.76 | 1.83 | 4.49 | 0.36 | 0.53 | 0.29 | 10 | 259 | 0.16 | 1.74 |
min | 0.86 | 12 | 1.52 | 1.25 | 379 | 144 | 33 | 10 | 1.64 | 5.77 | 0.44 | 0.35 | 3.26 | 0.01 | 0.32 | 0.09 | 8.53 | 56 | 0.01 | 0.85 |
max | 1.73 | 490 | 19 | 12 | 3662 | 2867 | 834 | 184 | 4.37 | 105 | 3.99 | 3.03 | 5.74 | 0.83 | 1.00 | 0.49 | 12 | 396 | 0.28 | 2.24 |
Coarse-Crystalline Pyrite (7) | ||||||||||||||||||||
m | 0.07 | 0.92 | 177 | 16 | 21 | 4.61 | 75 | 59 | 0.19 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.19 | 1.00 | 2.86 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 8.79 | 1.05 | 0.09 |
av | 0.34 | 3.73 | 339 | 67 | 82 | 21 | 251 | 120 | 10 | 0.32 | 0.03 | 0.21 | 0.86 | 2.40 | 0.12 | 0.07 | 3.07 | 11 | 3.23 | 0.08 |
min | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.40 | 0.05 | 1.02 | 0.00 | 2.96 | 23.67 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.00 |
max | 1.03 | 13 | 1445 | 375 | 484 | 109 | 1140 | 318 | 54 | 1.28 | 0.05 | 0.40 | 2.06 | 5.81 | 0.52 | 0.23 | 19 | 28 | 13 | 0.22 |
Marcasite (9) | ||||||||||||||||||||
m | 0.68 | 14 | 1.50 | 2.09 | 276 | 58 | 100 | 26 | 21 | 7.76 | 0.09 | 0.52 | 0.29 | 0.16 | 0.31 | 0.06 | 13 | 26 | 0.06 | 0.17 |
av | 1.29 | 22 | 18 | 3.49 | 474 | 265 | 99 | 45 | 31 | 12 | 0.65 | 0.68 | 1.02 | 0.61 | 0.35 | 0.10 | 15 | 67 | 1.10 | 0.16 |
min | 0.14 | 0.87 | 0.01 | 0.37 | 14 | 1.38 | 0.86 | 0.01 | 0.42 | 0.33 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 2.31 | 5.26 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
max | 5.01 | 51 | 140 | 16 | 1422 | 1649 | 172 | 173 | 96 | 33 | 4.82 | 2.25 | 4.36 | 4.20 | 0.84 | 0.37 | 45 | 345 | 9.55 | 0.40 |
Reniform Chalcopyrite (5) | ||||||||||||||||||||
m | 8.86 | 0.85 | 0.08 | 0.16 | 350904 | 210 | 895 | 2.78 | 0.27 | 13 | 0.08 | 0.32 | 1.16 | 0.12 | 0.69 | 0.02 | 1.04 | 738 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
av | 7.59 | 0.75 | 0.11 | 0.18 | 350799 | 268 | 1445 | 11 | 13 | 22 | 0.08 | 0.32 | 125 | 0.11 | 6.45 | 0.02 | 2.95 | 879 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
51V | 55Mn | 59Co | 60Ni | 65Cu | 66Zn | 75As | 77Se | 95Mo | 107Ag | 111Cd | 118Sn | 121Sb | 125Te | 182W | 197Au | 205Tl | 208Pb | 209Bi | 238U | |
min | 2.01 | 0.22 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 348967 | 110 | 494 | 1.54 | 0.15 | 11 | 0.01 | 0.26 | 0.39 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.82 | 460 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
max | 12 | 1.29 | 0.19 | 0.27 | 352425 | 444 | 3675 | 40 | 38 | 58 | 0.16 | 0.37 | 326 | 0.18 | 18 | 0.03 | 6.83 | 1330 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
Clastic Crystalline Chalcopyrite (3) | ||||||||||||||||||||
m | 21 | 6.11 | 8.40 | 1.95 | 323647 | 264 | 375 | 639 | 31 | 110 | 0.07 | 8.75 | 17 | 0.45 | 4.55 | 0.10 | 2.41 | 349 | 0.10 | 0.17 |
av | 18 | 8.22 | 5.94 | 1.81 | 325500 | 225 | 449 | 617 | 23 | 407 | 0.13 | 9.97 | 11 | 0.84 | 15 | 0.17 | 3.22 | 396 | 0.16 | 0.13 |
min | 12 | 0.63 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 299448 | 141 | 195 | 11 | 0.28 | 3.63 | 0.07 | 0.37 | 0.19 | 0.23 | 3.60 | 0.01 | 1.65 | 256 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
max | 21 | 18 | 9.34 | 3.46 | 344139 | 271 | 778 | 1202 | 38 | 1106 | 0.24 | 21 | 17 | 1.85 | 38 | 0.41 | 5.60 | 584 | 0.37 | 0.21 |
Objects | Semenov-3 (This Study) | Bracemac-Mcleod [65] | Lahanos [18] | Saf’yanovka [19] | Yubileynoe [67] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Host Rocks | Basalts | Rhyolites, Andesites, Basalts | Dacites and Rhyodacites | Rhyolites | Basalts and Rhyolites |
Nodule-Hosted Rocks | Sulfide Breccias | Key Tuffite Horizon | Illite–Hematite Gossanites | Black Shales | Siliceous Rocks |
Sulfide nodules | Pyrite nodule composed of a porous center with visible inclusions of quartz and barite and a polycrystalline rim with visible inclusions of sphalerite, chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite | Pyrite nodule composed of a porous center (Py I) with inclusions of sphalerite and chalcopyrite, which is overgrown by crystalline pyrite (Py II and Py V) | Marcasite–pyrite nodule composed of a porous pyrite center with inclusions of illite, barite, apatite, galena, aikinite, bornite, tennantite–tetrahedrite, hematite and rutile, which is overgrown by crystalline pyrite and marcasite | Pyrite nodule composed of a porous center with inclusions of chlorite, micas, sphalerite and chalcopyrite and a rim of crystalline pyrite with inclusions of galena | Pyrite nodule composed of a porous center with inclusions of quartz, chlorite, plagioclase, mica, galena, native gold and Bi-, Ag-, Au-, Hg- and Pb-tellurides |
Trace elements enriched in the porous central zone | Cu, Ag | Cu and Ni; locally, As, Se, Au, Ag, Pb, Zn, Sb, Cd, Sn | Cu, Pb, Ag, Co, Ni and Hg; locally, As and Sb | Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, Mn, Tl, Sb, Au, Se, Bi, Cd, In, Sn | Cu, Zn, Pb, Sb, Bi, As, Au, Ag, Te, Hg, Co, Ni, As |
Trace elements enriched in the intermediate crystalline zone | As; locally, Pb and Zn | Co, As and Tl; locally, Se | Pb and Cu; locally, Ag and Ni | Pb, Cu, As, Ag, Mo, Ge | Ni, As |
Trace elements enriched in the crystalline rim | Co, Bi, Mo, Te, U | Tl; locally, Ni, Se | Ni, In, As, Sb, Cd, In, Mo | As, Ag | Au, Ag, Sb, Bi, Cu, Zn, Hg |
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Melekestseva, I.; Maslennikov, V.V.; Safina, N.P.; Nimis, P.; Maslennikova, S.; Beltenev, V.; Rozhdestvenskaya, I.; Danyushevsky, L.; Large, R.; Artemyev, D.; et al. Sulfide Breccias from the Semenov-3 Hydrothermal Field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Authigenic Mineral Formation and Trace Element Pattern. Minerals 2018, 8, 321. https://doi.org/10.3390/min8080321
Melekestseva I, Maslennikov VV, Safina NP, Nimis P, Maslennikova S, Beltenev V, Rozhdestvenskaya I, Danyushevsky L, Large R, Artemyev D, et al. Sulfide Breccias from the Semenov-3 Hydrothermal Field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Authigenic Mineral Formation and Trace Element Pattern. Minerals. 2018; 8(8):321. https://doi.org/10.3390/min8080321
Chicago/Turabian StyleMelekestseva, Irina, Valery V. Maslennikov, Nataliya P. Safina, Paolo Nimis, Svetlana Maslennikova, Victor Beltenev, Irina Rozhdestvenskaya, Leonid Danyushevsky, Ross Large, Dmitry Artemyev, and et al. 2018. "Sulfide Breccias from the Semenov-3 Hydrothermal Field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Authigenic Mineral Formation and Trace Element Pattern" Minerals 8, no. 8: 321. https://doi.org/10.3390/min8080321