Study on Grinding Optimization of Cassiterite Polymetallic Sulfide Ore Based on Single-Factor Test Method
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Grinding Technical Efficiency
2.2.2. Mill Rotational Rate
2.2.3. Grinding Test
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of Grinding Time
3.1.1. Effect of Grinding Time Under the Condition of Single Media
Effect of Grinding Time on the Particle Size Distribution of Grinding Products
Effect of Grinding Time on Grinding Technical Efficiency
3.1.2. Effect of Grinding Time Under Different Combinations of Media
Effect of Grinding Time on the Particle Size Composition of Grinding Products
- (1)
- Grinding test results of steel ball combination of Φ20 mm and Φ25 mm
- (2)
- Grinding test results of the steel ball combination of Φ20 mm and Φ30 mm
Effect of Grinding Time on Grinding Technical Efficiency
- (1)
- Grinding test results of steel balls combinations of Φ20 mm and Φ25 mm
- (2)
- Grinding test results of steel ball combinations of Φ20 mm and Φ30 mm
3.2. Effect of Mill Rotational Rate
3.2.1. Effect of Mill Rotational Rate Under the Single Media
Effect of Mill Rotational Rate on the Particle Size Composition of Grinding Products
Effect of Mill Rotational Rate on Grinding Technical Efficiency
3.2.2. Effect of Mill Rotational Rate Under the Different Media Combinations
Effect of Mill Rotational Rate on the Particle Size Composition of Grinding Products
- (1)
- Grinding test results of steel ball combinations of Φ20 mm and Φ25 mm
- (2)
- Grinding test results of steel ball combinations of Φ20 mm and Φ30 mm
Effect of Mill Rotational Rate on the Grinding Technical Efficiency
- (1)
- Based on the grinding test data in Section 3.2.2 The effect of mill rotational rate on the particle size composition of grinding products, the corresponding grinding technical efficiency can be calculated by using Equation (2), and the results are shown in Figure 19.
- (2)
- Grinding test results of steel ball combinations of Φ20 mm and Φ30 mm
3.3. Effect of Mill Filling Rate
3.3.1. Effect of Mill Filling Rates Under the Single Media
Effect of Mill Filling Rate on the Particle Size Composition of Grinding Products
Effect of Mill Filling Rate on the Grinding Technical Efficiency
3.3.2. Effect of Mill Filling Rates on the Different Media Combinations
Effect of Mill Filling Rate on the Particle Size Composition of Grinding Products
- (1)
- Grinding test results of steel ball combinations of Φ20 mm and Φ25 mm
- (2)
- Grinding test results of steel ball combinations of Φ20 mm and Φ30 mm
Effect of Mill Filling Rate on the Grinding Technical Efficiency
- (1)
- Grinding Test Results of Steel Ball Combinations of Φ20 mm and Φ25 mm
- (2)
- Grinding test results of steel ball combinations of Φ20 mm and Φ30 mm
3.4. Comparative Study of Grinding Test Results Under the Single Media and the Different Media Combinations
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- Grinding time has a significant effect on the particle size distribution of the grinding products. Regardless of whether the media size of the single or the combination of two different sizes is used. The yield of qualified particle size (−0.15 + 0.038 mm) increases with grinding time, but the yield of over-grinding particle size also increases accordingly. After 4 min of grinding, the yield of over-grinding particle size approaches that of the qualified particle size and even exceeds it. Therefore, in the actual grinding process of cassiterite polymetallic sulfide ore, more attention should be paid to reasonable grinding time, and the products of qualified particle size should be expelled in a timely manner to prevent over-grinding. After comprehensive consideration, 4 min is the most appropriate grinding time.
- (2)
- The rotational rate has little effect on the particle size distribution of the grinding products. Under the conditions of the single media. The yield of qualified particle size (−0.15 + 0.038 mm) increases slightly with increasing rotational rate, reaching a maximum at 60%. Under the combination of two media conditions of Φ20 mm and Φ25 mm and Φ20 mm and Φ30 mm, as the rotational rate increases, the yield of coarse particle size decreases, while the yield of qualified size and fine particle size both increases. At the constant rotational rate, the higher the percentage of Φ20 mm steel balls, the better the grinding effect, and the less pronounced the over-grinding phenomenon. Therefore, the rotational rate of 60% is more appropriate.
- (3)
- The filling rate has a significant impact on the particle size distribution of the grinding products. Under the conditions of the single medium. The yield of particle sizes of −0.15 + 0.038 mm increases first and then decreases with increasing filling rate, reaching a maximum at 30%, and the optimal filling rate is 30%. Under the combination conditions of two different media. When the filling rate is constant, the higher the ball percentage, the better the grinding effect and the less obvious the over-grinding phenomenon. After the comprehensive consideration, the filling rate of 35% is considered appropriate.
- (4)
- Under the optimal parameters of grinding operations, the yield of qualified particle size and grinding technical efficiency are used as evaluation indices. Overall, the order of the grinding effect of different media conditions was as follows: steel ball combination of Φ20 mm and Φ25 mm > steel balls of three single sizes > steel ball combination of Φ20 mm and Φ30 mm. Whether in the single media or the mixed media, 20 mm steel balls play a crucial role in the grinding effect on the cassiterite polymetallic sulfide ore. Among them, the best grinding effect is achieved when the media ratios are Φ20 mm and Φ25 mm (the percentage of the Φ20 mm ball is 90%). Therefore, in the actual grinding of cassiterite polymetallic sulfide ore, the reasonable grinding media ratios and selection of ball diameter are crucial for the effective synergy between large and small media to achieve the best grinding efficiency.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mineral | Content/% | Mineral | Content/% | Mineral | Content/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
native silver | trace | gudmundite | 0.007 | fluorite | 0.002 |
acanthite | trace | antimony | 0.003 | calcite | 0.010 |
miargyrite | trace | cervantite | 0.001 | dolomite | 0.005 |
freibergite | 0.025 | molybdenite | 0.002 | siderite | 0.194 |
cassiterite | 2.906 | arsenopyrite | 0.458 | siderite | 0.066 |
stannite | 0.016 | quartz | 0.579 | limonite | 0.286 |
herzenbergite | 0.004 | muscovite | 0.046 | rutile | 0.008 |
pyrrhotite | 69.035 | phlogopite | 1.454 | apatite | 0.078 |
pyrite | 0.544 | feldspar | 0.037 | Other | 0.199 |
chalcopyrite | 0.126 | sahlite | 0.001 | ||
sphalerite | 21.011 | kaolin | 0.053 | ||
jamesonite | 2.806 | tourmaline | 0.038 |
Chemical component | SiO2 | CaO | Fe2O3 | SO3 | Al2O3 | ZnO | K2O | MgO | Sn |
Content/% | 5.00 | 17.00 | 24.20 | 33.50 | 1.30 | 12.2 | 0.40 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
Chemical component | PbO | As2O3 | Sb2O3 | MnO | TiO2 | CuO | Cd | Rb | SrO |
Content/% | 1.80 | 0.50 | 1.30 | 0.10 | 0 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.01 | <0.01 |
Sizes/mm | Yield/% | Cumulative Yield Under the Screen/% |
---|---|---|
−3.35 + 2.36 | 2.65 | 2.65 |
−2.36 + 1.18 | 26.64 | 29.29 |
−1.18 + 0.425 | 37.08 | 63.72 |
−0.425 + 0.15 | 15.34 | 52.42 |
−0.15 + 0.075 | 6.72 | 22.06 |
−0.075 + 0.038 | 3.74 | 10.46 |
−0.038 | 7.83 | 11.57 |
Sum | 100.00 | 100 |
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Yang, J.; Zhu, P.; Deng, X.; Li, H.; Ma, S.; Wang, D. Study on Grinding Optimization of Cassiterite Polymetallic Sulfide Ore Based on Single-Factor Test Method. Minerals 2025, 15, 827. https://doi.org/10.3390/min15080827
Yang J, Zhu P, Deng X, Li H, Ma S, Wang D. Study on Grinding Optimization of Cassiterite Polymetallic Sulfide Ore Based on Single-Factor Test Method. Minerals. 2025; 15(8):827. https://doi.org/10.3390/min15080827
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Jinlin, Pengyan Zhu, Xingjian Deng, Hengjun Li, Shaojian Ma, and Dingzheng Wang. 2025. "Study on Grinding Optimization of Cassiterite Polymetallic Sulfide Ore Based on Single-Factor Test Method" Minerals 15, no. 8: 827. https://doi.org/10.3390/min15080827
APA StyleYang, J., Zhu, P., Deng, X., Li, H., Ma, S., & Wang, D. (2025). Study on Grinding Optimization of Cassiterite Polymetallic Sulfide Ore Based on Single-Factor Test Method. Minerals, 15(8), 827. https://doi.org/10.3390/min15080827