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Volume 14
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10.3390/min14020126
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Article

Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Paleocene–Eocene Palana Formation in Western Rajasthan, India: Insights for Sedimentary Paleoenvironmental Conditions and Volcanic Activity

by
Mohammed Hail Hakimi
1,*,
Alok Kumar
2,
Abdullah M. Alqubalee
3,
Alok K. Singh
4,
Mohammed Almobarky
5,
Afikah Rahim
6,
Mohammad Alqudah
7,
Aref Lashin
5,
Khairul Azlan Mustapha
2 and
Waqas Naseem
8
1
Department of Petroleum Engineering, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia
2
Department of Geology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
3
Center for Integrative Petroleum Research, College of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
4
Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais 229304, India
5
Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
6
Department of Geotecnics & Transportation, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
7
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
8
Department of Geology, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Rawalakot 12350, Pakistan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Minerals 2024, 14(2), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14020126
Submission received: 22 November 2023 / Revised: 13 January 2024 / Accepted: 18 January 2024 / Published: 24 January 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Sedimentary Geology of Lacustrine Basins)
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Abstract

Organic-rich shale rocks from the Paleocene–Eocene Palana Formation in western Rajasthan, India, were systematically investigated based on inorganic and organic geochemistry combined with microscopic examinations to evaluate the sedimentary paleoenvironmental conditions and volcanic activity and their impact on the high organic carbon accumulation. The Palana shales are categorized by high organic matter (OM) and sulfur contents, with total values up to 36.23 wt.% and 2.24 wt.%, respectively. The richness of phytoplankton algae (i.e., telalginite and lamalginite) together with redox-sensitive trace elements further suggests a marine setting and anoxic environmental conditions during the Paleocene–Eocene. The significant low oxygen conditions may contribute to enhancing the preservation of organic matter during deposition. The mineralogical and inorganic geochemical indicators demonstrate that the Palana organic-rich shale facies was accumulated in a warm and humid climate with moderate salinity stratification conditions in the water columns, thereby contributing to the high bioproductivity of the phytoplankton algae blooms within the photic zone. The presence of significant contents of zeolite derived from volcanic material together with silica minerals such as apophyllite and tridymite in most of the Palana organic-rich shales indicates a volcanic origin and supports hydrothermal activities during the Paleocene–Eocene period. These volcanic activities in this case are considered the influx of large masses of nutrients into the photic zone due to the ash accumulation, as indicated by the presence of the zeolites in the Palana shales. Therefore, the high bio-productivity associated with effective OM preservation led to the organic carbon accumulation in the Palana Formation during the Paleocene–Eocene.
Keywords: organic-rich shale; bioproductivity; anoxia conditions; organic accumulation; Rajasthan; western India organic-rich shale; bioproductivity; anoxia conditions; organic accumulation; Rajasthan; western India

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MDPI and ACS Style

Hakimi, M.H.; Kumar, A.; Alqubalee, A.M.; Singh, A.K.; Almobarky, M.; Rahim, A.; Alqudah, M.; Lashin, A.; Mustapha, K.A.; Naseem, W. Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Paleocene–Eocene Palana Formation in Western Rajasthan, India: Insights for Sedimentary Paleoenvironmental Conditions and Volcanic Activity. Minerals 2024, 14, 126. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14020126

AMA Style

Hakimi MH, Kumar A, Alqubalee AM, Singh AK, Almobarky M, Rahim A, Alqudah M, Lashin A, Mustapha KA, Naseem W. Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Paleocene–Eocene Palana Formation in Western Rajasthan, India: Insights for Sedimentary Paleoenvironmental Conditions and Volcanic Activity. Minerals. 2024; 14(2):126. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14020126

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hakimi, Mohammed Hail, Alok Kumar, Abdullah M. Alqubalee, Alok K. Singh, Mohammed Almobarky, Afikah Rahim, Mohammad Alqudah, Aref Lashin, Khairul Azlan Mustapha, and Waqas Naseem. 2024. "Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Paleocene–Eocene Palana Formation in Western Rajasthan, India: Insights for Sedimentary Paleoenvironmental Conditions and Volcanic Activity" Minerals 14, no. 2: 126. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14020126

APA Style

Hakimi, M. H., Kumar, A., Alqubalee, A. M., Singh, A. K., Almobarky, M., Rahim, A., Alqudah, M., Lashin, A., Mustapha, K. A., & Naseem, W. (2024). Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Paleocene–Eocene Palana Formation in Western Rajasthan, India: Insights for Sedimentary Paleoenvironmental Conditions and Volcanic Activity. Minerals, 14(2), 126. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14020126

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