Characters and Metallogenetic Significance of Organic Matter in Coal from the Daying Sandstone-Hosted Uranium Deposit in the Northern Ordos Basin, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological Setting
3. Samples and Methodology
3.1. Samples
3.2. Methodology
4. Results
4.1. Geological Characters of Coal Organic Matters
4.1.1. Correlation of Uranium to Organic Carbon Contents
4.1.2. Organic Macerals
4.1.3. Maturity of Organic Matter
4.2. Geochemical Characters of Coal Organic Matter
4.2.1. Kerogen Types—Carbon Isotopes
4.2.2. Kerogen Chemistry
4.3. Analysis of Humic Acid and Uranium Content
5. Discussion
5.1. Immature Organic Matter
5.2. Relationship between Strong Fluorescence Properties and Uranium Mineralization
5.3. Role of Organic Matter during Uranium Mineralization
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- The ore of the Daying uranium mine usually contains lots of coal organic matter which is positively correlated to uranium enrichment. The primary maceral of coal organic matter is mostly vitrinite, reflecting the characters of humic coal. And the organic matter is in the immature stage, which is equivalent to immature lignite or the lignite-long-flame coal stage, due to an Ro < 0.5%.
- (2)
- The organic matter in coal at Daying is dominated by type Ⅲ (humic type) kerogen. This kind of organic matter has a strong adsorption capacity for uranium and acts as a reductant in uranium enrichment and mineralization. The humic acid in the coal organic matter plays an important role in uranium mineralization, as evidenced by humic substance extraction and separation experiments. In the transition zone, uranium was precipitated in the form of uranium humate, and the organic carbon content in the transition zone increased. Kerogen chemistry shows that coal organic matter is sourced from terrestrial higher plants and its sedimentation occurred during the deep burial epigenetic stage, which was strongly influenced by epigenesis, fluids, and natural gas.
- (3)
- The vitrinite reflectance (Ro) of the coal is relatively higher in the transition zone (mineralized zone) than that in the reduction and oxidation zones. The phenomenon can be attributed to the catalytic influence of uranium mineralization on organic matter, leading to a marginally greater degree of organic matter maturation compared to other zones. Furthermore, it can serve as a definitive indication of mineral exploration.
- (4)
- In the transition zone (mineralized zone), the microspore and cutinite of the organic matter exhibit strong fluorescence (hydrocarbon shows) and bright white bands in the organic maceral components. These can also be utilized for the purpose of mineral exploration. These phenomena are associated with the radioactive properties of uranium and the impact of hydrocarbons. The phenomenon of fluorescent localized sapropelinite can be attributed to the localized enrichment of uranium within the organic matter, resulting in enhanced maturation of the organic matter and early generation of hydrocarbon production.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Zoning | Lithologic Description | U ppm | orgC wt.% |
---|---|---|---|---|
ZKD112-96(3) | Oxidation zone | Brown-red middle-fine sandstone | 5.54 | 0.05 |
ZKD112-96(4) | Brown-red middle-fine sandstone | 11.2 | 0.06 | |
D63-16 | Gray-white middle-fine sandstone with carbonaceous strips | 6.75 | 1.01 | |
Average | 7.83 | 0.37 | ||
ZKD96-47(2) | Transition zone | Gray-white medium sandstone with carbonaceous strips | 3640 | 2.55 |
D32-63-4 | Gray medium sandstone contains a small amount of carbonaceous debris | 3590 | 1.10 | |
ZKD80-39-2 | Gray medium sandstone contains a small amount of carbonaceous debris | 1680 | 0.48 | |
ZKD96-47-1 | Gray-white medium sandstone | 1290 | 0.35 | |
2014DY-27 | Gray siltstone sandstone contains a small amount of carbonaceous debris | 2101 | 0.75 | |
ZKD128-81-6 | Light gray medium sandstone | 683 | 0.28 | |
2014DY-31 | Gray medium sandstone contains a small amount of carbonaceous debris | 2315 | 0.81 | |
ZKD208-15-1 | Gray-green medium sandstone contains carbonaceous strips. | 828 | 0.32 | |
ZKD96-31-1 | Light grayish-green coarse sandstone contains carbonaceous detritus | 1700 | 0.57 | |
ZKD112-47-2 | Grayish-white coarse sandstone contains carbonaceous detritus. | 8480 | 1.53 | |
Average | 3647.6 | 0.88 | ||
ZKD144-71(8) | Reduction zone | Grayish-white medium sandstone | 25.1 | 0.10 |
D127-55-1 | Grayish-white middle-coarse sandstone contains carbonaceous strips | 96.3 | 1.28 | |
Average | 60.7 | 0.69 |
Sample | Zoning | Statistical Parameter | Organic Matter = 100% | Maceral Description | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vitrinite | Inertinite | Exinite | Total | ||||
D63-16 | Oxidation zone | Number of measuring point | 446 | 16 | 2 | 464 | It is mainly telocollinite, pure and homogeneous, with a small amount of telinite. The fusinite, the microspore of the shell, and a small amount of asphaltene can be found. The fluorescence of asphaltene is very weak, and the illumination of the degree of metamorphism is very low. |
Percentage/% | 96.1 | 3.5 | 0.4 | 100.0 | |||
ZKD95-16-1 | Number of measuring point | 145 | 4 | 1 | 150 | It is mainly telocollinite, which is transformed from the telinite, and the second is the telinite, which contains a small amount of the vitrinite. The semifusinite body develops and contains pyrite crystals, and the fluorescence of pyrite crystals is weak. It is indicated that pyrite crystals contain a small amount of bituminous bodies. | |
Percentage/% | 96.7 | 2.7 | 0.6 | 100.0 | |||
ZKD96-31-1 | Transition zone | Number of measuring point | 266 | 11 | 3 | 280 | It is mainly telocollinite, homogeneous and pure; the second is telinite. The development of the fusinite of inertinite. The sporinite of exinite with strong fluorescence. |
Percentage/% | 95.0 | 3.9 | 1.1 | 100.0 | |||
D32-63-4 | Number of measuring point | 87 | 12 | 1 | 100 | It is mainly telocollinite and has a small amount of telinite, which contains small microsporophy of exinite and fusinite of inertinite. | |
Percentage/% | 87 | 12 | 1 | 100.0 | |||
ZKD208-23-2 | Number of measuring point | 121 | 7 | 0 | 128 | It is mainly homogeneous vitrinite, pure and homogenous, in which pyrite crystals are developed, and pyrite has a weak fluorescence. The fusinite of inertinite and inertoderinite was developed and the exinite was not developed. | |
Percentage/% | 94.5 | 5.5 | 0.0 | 100.0 | |||
D127-55-1 | Reduction zone | Number of measuring point | 186 | 0 | 2 | 188 | It is mainly homogeneous vitrinite, and a small amount of desmocollinite and telinite are developed. The cutinite of exinite and microsporinite was distributed in the desmocollinite, in which inertinite was not developed. |
Percentage/% | 98.9 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 100.0 | |||
D127-55-3 | Number of measuring point | 173 | 0 | 1 | 174 | It is mainly telocollinite, which contains pyrite crystals, and the pyrite contains the weak fluorescence of organic matter. We can see the desmocollinite and a small amount of telinite. The cutinite of exinite and microsporinite were distributed in the desmocollinite. | |
Percentage/% | 99.4 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 100.0 |
Vitrinite Reflectance (Ro) | The Maturity of Organic Matter |
---|---|
Ro < 0.5% | Immature stage |
Ro = 0.5%–1.0% | Low-mature stage |
Ro = 1.0%–1.35% | Medium-mature stage |
Ro = 1.35%–2.0% | High-mature stage |
Ro > 2.0% | Over-mature stage |
Sample | Lithologic Description | Zoning | Buried depth/m | Ro (%) | Standard Deviation | Maturity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D63-16 | Gray-white middle-fine sandstone with carbonaceous strips. | Oxidation zone | 630.5 | 0.38 | 0.034 | Immature stage (lignite stage) |
ZKD95-16-1 | Light grayish-green sandstone with a lenticular carbonaceous strip. | Transition zone | 606.00 | 0.39 | 0.033 | |
ZKD96-31-1 | The grayish-green coarse sandstone contains carbonaceous detritus. | 669.46 | 0.40 | 0.030 | ||
D32-63-4 | Gray medium sandstone contains a small amount of carbonaceous debris. | 685.00 | 0.43 | 0.032 | ||
ZKD208-23-2 | Light grayish-green medium sandstone with a lenticular carbonaceous strip. | 626.74 | 0.49 | 0.038 | ||
D127-55-1 | Grayish-white middle-coarse sandstone contains carbonaceous strips. | Reduction zone | 594.10 | 0.35 | 0.029 | |
D127-55-3 | The grayish-green medium sandstone contains carbonaceous strip. | 626.35 | 0.37 | 0.018 |
The Content of δ13C | Organic Matter Type |
---|---|
δ13C < −28‰ | Type I (sapropel) |
δ13C = −28–−26‰ | Type Ⅱ1 (humic-sapropel) |
δ13C = −26–−24‰ or −24.5‰ | Type Ⅱ2 (sapropelic-humic type) |
δ13C > −24‰ or −24.5‰ | Type Ⅲ (humic type) |
Sample | Lithologic Description | Zoning | Depth/m | Kerogen δ13C‰ (PDB) |
---|---|---|---|---|
ZKD112-96(3) | Brown-red middle-fine sandstone | Oxidation zone | 691.67 | −23.7 |
D63-16 | Gray-white middle-fine sandstone with carbonaceous strips | 630.50 | −23.2 | |
ZKD208-23-2 | Gray-green sandstone contains a lenticular carbonaceous strip | Transition zone | 626.74 | −22.7 |
D32-63-4 | Gray medium sandstone contains a small amount of carbonaceous debris | 685.00 | −21.5 | |
ZKD95-16-1 | Gray-green sandstone contains a lenticular carbonaceous strip | 606.00 | −22.5 | |
ZKD208-15-1 | Gray-green medium sandstone contains carbonaceous strips | 625.00 | −19.2 | |
ZKD144-71(3) | Gray-green siltstone contains carbonaceous clastic and pyrite nodules | Reduction zone | 614.47 | −23.1 |
D127-55-1 | Grayish-white middle-coarse sandstone contains carbonaceous strips | 614.24 | −23.6 | |
D127-55-3 | Gray-green middle-fine sandstone with carbonaceous strips | 626.74 | −24.2 |
Sample | Lithologic Description | Test Project | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N% | C% | H% | O% | H/C | O/C | ||
ZKD112-96(3) | Brown-red middle-fine sandstone | 0.23 | 59.26 | 3.95 | 23.54 | 0.79 | 0.29 |
D63-16 | Gray-white middle-fine sandstone with carbonaceous strips | 0.85 | 64.32 | 4.18 | 15.43 | 0.78 | 0.18 |
ZKD208-23-2 | Gray-green sandstone contains a lenticular carbonaceous strip | 0.90 | 67.84 | 3.82 | 12.51 | 0.67 | 0.14 |
D32-63-4 | Gray medium sandstone contains a small amount of carbonaceous debris | 0.14 | 53.28 | 3.18 | 12.65 | 0.72 | 0.18 |
ZKD95-16-1 | Gray-green sandstone contains a lenticular carbonaceous strip | 0.66 | 48.53 | 3.33 | 12.70 | 0.82 | 0.20 |
ZKD208-15-1 | Gray-green medium sandstone contains carbonaceous strips | 0.59 | 56.20 | 3.13 | 11.53 | 0.67 | 0.15 |
ZKD144-71(3) | Gray-green siltstone contains carbonaceous clastic and pyrite nodules | 1.03 | 66.48 | 4.74 | 14.01 | 0.85 | 0.16 |
D127-55-1 | Grayish-white middle-coarse sandstone contains carbonaceous strips | 0.80 | 64.16 | 4.34 | 13.04 | 0.81 | 0.15 |
D127-55-3 | Gray-green middle-fine sandstone with carbonaceous strips | 0.81 | 63.22 | 4.39 | 13.90 | 0.83 | 0.16 |
Sample | Lithologic Description | Zoning | Humic Acid (%) | U (μg/g) | The Uranium Content in the Residue after the Extraction of Humic Acid (μg/g) | The Uranium Content of Humic Acid (μg/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D63-16 | Gray-white middle-fine sandstone with carbon strips | Oxidation zone | 0.05 | 25.6 | 11.7 | 13.9 |
D112-96(4) | Brown-red middle-fine sandstone | 0.27 | 137.5 | 51.7 | 85.8 | |
D96-31(1) | Gray-green coarse sandstone contains carbonaceous debris | Transition zone | 0.10 | 1231 | 480 | 751 |
D112-47(2) | Gray-white coarse sandstone contains carbonaceous debris | 0.02 | 3933 | 943 | 2990 | |
D32-63-4 | Gray medium sandstone contains a small amount of carbonaceous debris | 0.83 | 5030 | 595 | 4435 | |
ZKD95-16-1 | Gray-green sandstone contains a lenticular carbon strip | 5.54 | 5085 | 672 | 4413 | |
ZKD208-15-1 | Gray-green medium sandstone contains carbon strips | 1.13 | 96.2 | 20 | 76.2 | |
ZKD144-71(3) | Gray-green siltstone contains carbonaceous clastic and pyrite nodules | Reduction zone | 0.02 | 17.5 | 6.17 | 11.33 |
ZKD127-55-1 | Grayish-white middle-coarse sandstone contains carbonaceous strips | 2.07 | 1127 | 112 | 1015 |
No. | Percentage (Organic Matter = 100%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vitrinite | Inertinite | Exinite | Sapropelinite | Description of Organic Components | |
Wd04-5 | 94.7 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 3.2 | Mainly telocollinite, with a small amount of desmocollinite and semifusinite. The symbiosis between asphaltene and pyrite can be found. |
Wd04-95 | 95.1 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 4.4 | Mainly telocollinite and desmocollinite. Fusinite can be found with sporophyte and resinite. Abundant asphaltene is developed in fine striations in symbiosis with pyrite and clay or distributed in desmocollinite. |
Wd04-103 | 84.7 | 8.5 | 3.4 | 3.4 | Mainly telocollinite and desmocollinite with abundant telinite, semifusinite, and fusinite. The exinite is cutinite and sporophyte. And asphaltene can be found. |
Wd04-108 | 87.3 | 10.2 | 1.5 | 1.0 | Mainly telocollinite and desmocollinite, with abundant structural vitrinite, semifusinite, and fusinite. The exinite is cutinite and sporophyte. And asphaltene can be found. |
Wd04-109 | 91.7 | 1.0 | 3.1 | 4.2 | Mainly non-telocollinite with pyrite and abundant endogenous fissures. Fusinite can be found with sporophyte, cutinite, and sporophyte. Telocollinite is dark gray and may adsorb asphaltene. |
Wd04-111 | 98.6 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.7 | Mainly telocollinite with an amorphous flocculent distribution; a few desmocollinite and telinite with sporophyte and cutinite. Semifusinite and inertodetrinite can be seen, with asphaltene distribution. |
Wd04-129 | 93.7 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 4.8 | Mainly telocollinite with abundant endogenous fissures; a few desmocollinite and telinite with sporophyte, cutinite, and asphaltene. Telocollinite is dark gray and may adsorb asphaltene. |
Wd04-138 | 93.5 | 1.1 | 2.2 | 3.2 | Mainly telinite with abundant endogenous fissures, and structureless vitrinite is less frequent. Inertodetrinite, secretinite, and semifusinite fragments can be found, and asphaltene is present. |
Average | 92.4 | 2.9 | 1.6 | 3.1 |
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Li, Q.; Wu, B.; Luo, J.; Yang, S.; Wang, M.; Liu, M.; Lin, Z.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, L.; Wang, J.; et al. Characters and Metallogenetic Significance of Organic Matter in Coal from the Daying Sandstone-Hosted Uranium Deposit in the Northern Ordos Basin, China. Minerals 2023, 13, 1002. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13081002
Li Q, Wu B, Luo J, Yang S, Wang M, Liu M, Lin Z, Zhang X, Zhang L, Wang J, et al. Characters and Metallogenetic Significance of Organic Matter in Coal from the Daying Sandstone-Hosted Uranium Deposit in the Northern Ordos Basin, China. Minerals. 2023; 13(8):1002. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13081002
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Qi, Bailin Wu, Jingjing Luo, Songlin Yang, Miao Wang, Mingyi Liu, Zhouyang Lin, Xiaorui Zhang, Long Zhang, Jiangqiang Wang, and et al. 2023. "Characters and Metallogenetic Significance of Organic Matter in Coal from the Daying Sandstone-Hosted Uranium Deposit in the Northern Ordos Basin, China" Minerals 13, no. 8: 1002. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13081002