Petrographic and Geochemical Inferences for Genesis of Terra Rossa: A Case Study from the Apulian Karst (Southern Italy)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological Setting
3. Material and Methods
4. Results
4.1. Field Observations and Sampling
4.2. Textural-Petrographic Analysis
4.2.1. Unaltered Limestones
4.2.2. Karst Products
4.3. Geochemistry
5. Discussion
5.1. Terra Rossa and Bauxites in the Apulian Karst
5.2. Genesis of Terra Rossa and Inferences on the Source Material
5.3. Some Remarks on the Cerium Behaviour
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | SiO2 | TiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MnO | MgO | CaO | Na2O | K2O | P2O5 | LOI | Rb | Sr | Y | Zr | Nb | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Limestone (bedrock) | CA1 | 0.14 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 56.57 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 43.00 | 6 | 172 | 1 | 7 | 1 |
Limestone (bedrock) | CA2 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.12 | 56.33 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 43.26 | 5 | 125 | 3 | 6 | 1 |
mean | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 56.45 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 43.13 | 6 | 149 | 2 | 7 | 1 | |
Cal incrustation (0.5 cm) | CA1C | 1.36 | 0.03 | 0.76 | 0.27 | 0.04 | 0.16 | 54.81 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 42.49 | 10 | 163 | 14 | 17 | 2 |
Cal incrustation (2 cm) | CA2C | 6.52 | 0.15 | 4.46 | 1.79 | 0.90 | 0.19 | 47.64 | 0.03 | 0.24 | 0.00 | 38.09 | 26 | 26 | 66 | 39 | 5 |
Cal nodule | BA1 | 9.09 | 0.26 | 4.14 | 1.70 | 0.02 | 0.18 | 47.26 | 0.03 | 0.29 | 0.00 | 37.02 | 28 | 22 | 50 | 70 | 7 |
Cal nodule | BA2 | 9.12 | 0.27 | 4.25 | 1.87 | 0.11 | 0.19 | 47.24 | 0.04 | 0.33 | 0.00 | 36.58 | 30 | 24 | 62 | 87 | 7 |
Cal nodule | BA3 | 8.19 | 0.25 | 3.88 | 1.85 | 0.03 | 0.18 | 48.27 | 0.03 | 0.29 | 0.00 | 37.02 | 31 | 25 | 62 | 83 | 7 |
Cal nodule | BA4 | 7.47 | 0.19 | 4.11 | 1.71 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 47.96 | 0.03 | 0.25 | 0.00 | 37.94 | 26 | 24 | 59 | 57 | 5 |
Cal nodule | BA5 | 8.68 | 0.25 | 4.13 | 1.80 | 0.02 | 0.21 | 47.70 | 0.04 | 0.32 | 0.00 | 36.86 | 32 | 31 | 57 | 81 | 7 |
Cal nodule | PI1 | 7.52 | 0.23 | 3.78 | 1.70 | 0.04 | 0.17 | 48.52 | 0.03 | 0.26 | 0.00 | 37.74 | 27 | 23 | 68 | 76 | 7 |
Cal nodule | PI2 | 9.85 | 0.27 | 5.05 | 2.01 | 0.02 | 0.21 | 45.66 | 0.03 | 0.37 | 0.00 | 36.53 | 33 | 23 | 119 | 73 | 7 |
Cal nodule | PI4 | 9.41 | 0.28 | 4.20 | 1.79 | 0.03 | 0.19 | 46.91 | 0.03 | 0.30 | 0.00 | 36.86 | 30 | 25 | 43 | 84 | 7 |
mean | 8.67 | 0.25 | 4.19 | 1.80 | 0.05 | 0.19 | 47.44 | 0.03 | 0.30 | 0.00 | 37.07 | 30 | 24 | 65 | 76 | 7 | |
terra rossa | TR1 | 49.33 | 1.31 | 23.27 | 8.89 | 0.18 | 1.02 | 2.32 | 0.25 | 2.10 | 0.10 | 11.24 | 166 | 96 | 52 | 398 | 42 |
terra rossa | TR2 | 50.34 | 1.41 | 23.17 | 8.62 | 0.20 | 0.85 | 2.32 | 0.19 | 1.77 | 0.08 | 11.04 | 139 | 79 | 56 | 410 | 39 |
terra rossa | TR3 | 48.90 | 1.37 | 22.33 | 8.58 | 0.18 | 0.80 | 3.69 | 0.18 | 1.70 | 0.08 | 12.19 | 132 | 80 | 60 | 411 | 38 |
mean | 49.52 | 1.36 | 22.92 | 8.70 | 0.19 | 0.89 | 2.78 | 0.21 | 1.86 | 0.09 | 11.49 | 146 | 85 | 56 | 406 | 40 |
Sample | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | ∑LREE | ∑REE | Eu/Eu* | Ce/Ce* | V | Ni | Cr | Cu | Zn | Ga | Cs | Ba | Hf | Ta | Pb | Th | U | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cal incrust | CA 2C | 43.7 | 26.1 | 9.72 | 40.8 | 8.56 | 2.01 | 9.59 | 1.38 | 7.94 | 1.59 | 4.23 | 0.513 | 2.85 | 0.419 | 128.88 | 134.67 | 0.67822 | 0.27681 | 57 | 60 | 40 | 20 | 30 | 6 | 1.5 | 857 | 0.9 | 0.27 | 7 | 3 | 0.63 |
Cal nodule | BA 4 | 46.1 | 40.2 | 10.1 | 41.2 | 8.14 | 1.7 | 8.16 | 1.19 | 6.47 | 1.27 | 3.38 | 0.423 | 2.59 | 0.394 | 145.74 | 150.85 | 0.63765 | 0.40754 | 44 | 30 | 50 | 20 | 30 | 5 | 1.3 | 173 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 7 | 3 | 0.67 |
Cal nodule | PI 2 | 37.1 | 33.1 | 8.49 | 35.9 | 8.4 | 2.1 | 11.3 | 1.66 | 10.3 | 2.12 | 5.76 | 0.715 | 4.25 | 0.68 | 122.99 | 130.74 | 0.65892 | 0.4106 | 49 | 30 | 50 | 20 | 50 | 6 | 1.6 | 60 | 1.6 | 0.41 | 8 | 3.93 | 0.69 |
terra rossa | TR 1 | 70.7 | 151 | 14.8 | 54.9 | 10.3 | 2.08 | 8.77 | 1.34 | 7.85 | 1.55 | 4.39 | 0.653 | 4.17 | 0.653 | 301.7 | 309.26 | 0.66909 | 1.0233 | 191 | 60 | 170 | 30 | 100 | 23 | 10.1 | 420 | 8.1 | 2.31 | 35 | 21.4 | 2.82 |
terra rossa | TR 2 | 65.7 | 143 | 14.3 | 52.7 | 10.6 | 2.09 | 9.09 | 1.38 | 8.51 | 1.67 | 4.71 | 0.703 | 4.59 | 0.737 | 286.3 | 294.42 | 0.65092 | 1.0371 | 202 | 60 | 190 | 30 | 90 | 22 | 7.6 | 330 | 8.8 | 2.15 | 32 | 19.2 | 2.86 |
terra rossa | TR 3 | 69.4 | 145 | 15.2 | 57.1 | 11.3 | 2.26 | 9.9 | 1.47 | 9.17 | 1.75 | 5.12 | 0.762 | 4.86 | 0.753 | 298 | 306.64 | 0.65323 | 0.99121 | 205 | 70 | 200 | 30 | 90 | 23 | 7.7 | 325 | 9 | 2.31 | 32 | 19.2 | 2.95 |
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Micheletti, F.; Fornelli, A.; Spalluto, L.; Parise, M.; Gallicchio, S.; Tursi, F.; Festa, V. Petrographic and Geochemical Inferences for Genesis of Terra Rossa: A Case Study from the Apulian Karst (Southern Italy). Minerals 2023, 13, 499. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13040499
Micheletti F, Fornelli A, Spalluto L, Parise M, Gallicchio S, Tursi F, Festa V. Petrographic and Geochemical Inferences for Genesis of Terra Rossa: A Case Study from the Apulian Karst (Southern Italy). Minerals. 2023; 13(4):499. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13040499
Chicago/Turabian StyleMicheletti, Francesca, Annamaria Fornelli, Luigi Spalluto, Mario Parise, Salvatore Gallicchio, Fabrizio Tursi, and Vincenzo Festa. 2023. "Petrographic and Geochemical Inferences for Genesis of Terra Rossa: A Case Study from the Apulian Karst (Southern Italy)" Minerals 13, no. 4: 499. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13040499